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Original Research

The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs and Wisdom on Successful Aging in the Elderly

Min-Jeong Nam1, Young-Mun Cho2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2018;30(1):70-78.
Published online: February 18, 2018

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Corresponding author: Cho, Young-Mun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-6204 Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjae-ro, Naju 58245, Korea. Tel: +82-61-330-3596, Fax: +82-61-330-3580, E-mail: cymun@hanmail.net
• Received: October 26, 2017   • Accepted: February 3, 2018

© 2018 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study was designed to investigate the impact of the elderly's basic psychological needs and wisdom on successful aging.
  • Methods
    The study participants were 150 elderly people aged at least fifty five years of age. The participants were drawn from six welfare centers serving the elderly located in Gwangju metropolitan city, Naju city, and Jeonnam province from February 2017 to March 2017. Data were collected by three self-report questionnaires measuring successful aging, basic psychological needs, and wisdom. For data analysis, SPSS/WIN 18.0 program was utilized including one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.
  • Results
    This study showed a positive correlation between successful aging and basic psychological needs (r=.75 p<.001), wisdom(r=.74 p<.001). In addition, successful aging has a positive correlation with autono-my (r=.32 p<.001), competence (r=.77 p<.001), and relationship (r=.73 p<.001). The competency (β=.40), relationship (β=.18), wisdom(β=.34) have a 69% (F=96.38, p<.001) explanatory power for the successful aging in the elderly.
  • Conclusion
    The findings suggest the necessity to support the basic psychological needs of the elderly in order to support wise lives.
  • Key Words: Elderly; Aging; Needs
Table 1.
Difference in Successful Aging according to Participants' General Characteristics (N=133)
Characteristics Categories n (%) M± SD Successful aging
M± SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 70 (52.6)   96.89±16.24 0.22 (.826)
Female 63 (47.4)   96.25±16.79  
Age(year) 60~69 49 (36.8) 70.92±6.10 99.78±13.61 3.39 (.056)
70~79 73 (54.9)   93.40±17.80  
≥80 11 (8.3)   103.55±14.86  
Marital status Single 2 (1.5)   113.00±15.55 2.30 (.104)
Married 110 (82.7)   97.33±15.92  
Divorced or bereaved 21 (15.8)   91.14±18.19  
Education level ≤ Elementary a 12 (9.0)   91.67±16.38 8.88 (＜.001)
Junior high school b 32 (24.1)   86.81±14.27 b, c＜ d†
High school c 46 (34.6)   97.20±17.07  
≥ College d 43 (32.3)   104.58±13.10  
Religion Protestant 30 (22.6)   96.70±17.10 1.07 (.362)
Catholic 36 (27.1)   99.58±18.40  
Buddhist 28 (21.1)   92.10±17.55  
Others 39 (29.3)   96.90±12.75  
Living type Alone 14 (10.5)   89.21±16.27 1.42 (.237)
With spouse 80 (60.2)   97.89±16.62  
With spouse & offspring 27 (20.3)   98.26±15.41  
With offspring 12 (9.0)   92.75±16.79  
Number of children 1~2 52 (39.1) 2.95±1.16 93.65±16.03 1.37 (.257)
3~4 72 (54.1)   98.56±16.44  
≥5 9 (6.8)   97.78±18.18  
Job Yes 31 (23.3)   97.10±16.97 0.20 (.844)
No 102 (76.7)   96.43±16.36  
Allowance per month (10.000 won) ≤10 6 (4.5)   87.83±17.74 0.69 (.559)
10~30 35 (26.3)   97.86±14.15  
31~50 40 (30.1)   95.85±17.16  
≥51 52 (39.1)   97.31±17.30  
Health status Very bad a b 5 (3.8)   102.60±20.48 4.97 (.001)
Bad b 17 (12.8)   93.06±14.48 c＜ d†
Moderate c 64 (48.1)   91.61±15.83  
Good d 42 (31.6)   103.21±15.25  
Very good e 5 (3.8)   110.60±11.60  

†Post-hoc: Scheffé test.

Table 2.
Level of Basic Psychological Need and Wisdom (N=133)
Variables M± SD Min~Max Possible range
Successful aging 96.59±16.44 52~132 30~150
BPN 62.91±9.30 39~90 18~90
  Autonomy 21.53±3.23 15~30 6~30
  Competency 20.02±4.21 10~30 6~30
  Relatedness 21.37±3.73 13~30 6~30
Wisdom 80.05±8.50 52~102 27~135

BPN=basic psychological needs.

Table 3.
Correlations between Successful Aging and Other Variables in the Elderly (N=133)
Variables Successful aging BPN Autonomy Competency Relatedness Wisdom
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Successful aging 1          
BPN .75 (＜.001) 1        
  Autonomy .32 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) 1      
  Competency .77 (＜.001) .89 (＜.001) .37 (＜.001) 1    
  Relatedness .73 (＜.001) .89 (＜.001) .42 (＜.001) .77 (＜.001) 1  
Wisdom .74 (＜.001) .73 (＜.001) .40 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) .69 (＜.001) 1

BPN=basic psychological needs.

Table 4.
Influencing Factors on Successful Aging in Elderly (N=133)
Variables B SE β t p Cum. R2 F (p)
(Constant) -4.69 7.72   -0.59 .550    
Competency 1.53 0.31 .40 4.81 ＜.001 .59 190.93 (＜.001)
Wisdom 0.67 0.14 .34 4.78 ＜.001 .67 137.56 (＜.001)
Relatedness 0.82 0.36 .18 2.27 .025 .69 96.38 (＜.001)

Cum. R2=Cumulative R2.

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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.70
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    The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs and Wisdom on Successful Aging in the Elderly
    The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs and Wisdom on Successful Aging in the Elderly

    Difference in Successful Aging according to Participants' General Characteristics (N=133)

    Characteristics Categories n (%) M± SD Successful aging
    M± SD t or F (p)
    Gender Male 70 (52.6)   96.89±16.24 0.22 (.826)
    Female 63 (47.4)   96.25±16.79  
    Age(year) 60~69 49 (36.8) 70.92±6.10 99.78±13.61 3.39 (.056)
    70~79 73 (54.9)   93.40±17.80  
    ≥80 11 (8.3)   103.55±14.86  
    Marital status Single 2 (1.5)   113.00±15.55 2.30 (.104)
    Married 110 (82.7)   97.33±15.92  
    Divorced or bereaved 21 (15.8)   91.14±18.19  
    Education level ≤ Elementary a 12 (9.0)   91.67±16.38 8.88 (＜.001)
    Junior high school b 32 (24.1)   86.81±14.27 b, c＜ d†
    High school c 46 (34.6)   97.20±17.07  
    ≥ College d 43 (32.3)   104.58±13.10  
    Religion Protestant 30 (22.6)   96.70±17.10 1.07 (.362)
    Catholic 36 (27.1)   99.58±18.40  
    Buddhist 28 (21.1)   92.10±17.55  
    Others 39 (29.3)   96.90±12.75  
    Living type Alone 14 (10.5)   89.21±16.27 1.42 (.237)
    With spouse 80 (60.2)   97.89±16.62  
    With spouse & offspring 27 (20.3)   98.26±15.41  
    With offspring 12 (9.0)   92.75±16.79  
    Number of children 1~2 52 (39.1) 2.95±1.16 93.65±16.03 1.37 (.257)
    3~4 72 (54.1)   98.56±16.44  
    ≥5 9 (6.8)   97.78±18.18  
    Job Yes 31 (23.3)   97.10±16.97 0.20 (.844)
    No 102 (76.7)   96.43±16.36  
    Allowance per month (10.000 won) ≤10 6 (4.5)   87.83±17.74 0.69 (.559)
    10~30 35 (26.3)   97.86±14.15  
    31~50 40 (30.1)   95.85±17.16  
    ≥51 52 (39.1)   97.31±17.30  
    Health status Very bad a b 5 (3.8)   102.60±20.48 4.97 (.001)
    Bad b 17 (12.8)   93.06±14.48 c＜ d†
    Moderate c 64 (48.1)   91.61±15.83  
    Good d 42 (31.6)   103.21±15.25  
    Very good e 5 (3.8)   110.60±11.60  

    †Post-hoc: Scheffé test.

    Level of Basic Psychological Need and Wisdom (N=133)

    Variables M± SD Min~Max Possible range
    Successful aging 96.59±16.44 52~132 30~150
    BPN 62.91±9.30 39~90 18~90
      Autonomy 21.53±3.23 15~30 6~30
      Competency 20.02±4.21 10~30 6~30
      Relatedness 21.37±3.73 13~30 6~30
    Wisdom 80.05±8.50 52~102 27~135

    BPN=basic psychological needs.

    Correlations between Successful Aging and Other Variables in the Elderly (N=133)

    Variables Successful aging BPN Autonomy Competency Relatedness Wisdom
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Successful aging 1          
    BPN .75 (＜.001) 1        
      Autonomy .32 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) 1      
      Competency .77 (＜.001) .89 (＜.001) .37 (＜.001) 1    
      Relatedness .73 (＜.001) .89 (＜.001) .42 (＜.001) .77 (＜.001) 1  
    Wisdom .74 (＜.001) .73 (＜.001) .40 (＜.001) .68 (＜.001) .69 (＜.001) 1

    BPN=basic psychological needs.

    Influencing Factors on Successful Aging in Elderly (N=133)

    Variables B SE β t p Cum. R2 F (p)
    (Constant) -4.69 7.72   -0.59 .550    
    Competency 1.53 0.31 .40 4.81 ＜.001 .59 190.93 (＜.001)
    Wisdom 0.67 0.14 .34 4.78 ＜.001 .67 137.56 (＜.001)
    Relatedness 0.82 0.36 .18 2.27 .025 .69 96.38 (＜.001)

    Cum. R2=Cumulative R2.
    Table 1. Difference in Successful Aging according to Participants' General Characteristics (N=133)

    Post-hoc: Scheffé test.

    Table 2. Level of Basic Psychological Need and Wisdom (N=133)

    BPN=basic psychological needs.

    Table 3. Correlations between Successful Aging and Other Variables in the Elderly (N=133)

    BPN=basic psychological needs.

    Table 4. Influencing Factors on Successful Aging in Elderly (N=133)

    Cum. R2=Cumulative R2.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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