Purpose
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the utilization of educational technology for formative assessment in nursing education and proposes directions for its future application.
Methods
Arksey and O'Malley’s scoping review design was adopted. A total of 509 articles were retrieved in February 2025 from the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Education Resources Information Center, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases.
Results
Twenty-five articles that conducted formative assessments utilizing educational technology among nursing students and nurses were analyzed. The analysis identified three key themes: educational technology, formative assessment, and educational feedback. Online platforms were the most frequently employed educational technology, while mobile applications have gained prominence since 2020. Formative assessment primarily evaluated knowledge in theoretical courses but has increasingly been used to evaluate skills in practicum settings since 2020. Immediate constructive feedback was provided by educators, peer learners, and non-human agents. Since 2020, feedback delivery has increasingly been automated through non-human agents, including artificial intelligence-based non-human agents.
Conclusion
This review, which focused on the implementation of educational technology-based formative assessment in nursing education, highlights the increasing adoption of non-human agents for delivering educational feedback in practicum courses. To strengthen educators’ competency in providing immediate and constructive educational feedback, sustained support from policymakers and educational institutions is required.

Purpose
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality than those without MetS. The effects of non-pharmacological exposures may help improve the management of CVD. This study aimed to assess the long-term effects of non-pharmacological exposures on CVD in MetS patients through a meta- analysis of cohort and case-control studies.
Methods
Searches were conducted in seven databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, RISS, NDSL, and KoreaMed) between August 7, 2024 and December 1, 2024. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 program and RStudio 2022.12.0. A total of nine studies were included in the systematic review, with eight studies analyzed in the meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42024584658).
Results
A total of nine studies were included in the systematic review, of which eight were eligible for meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of non-pharmacological exposures. Eight studies were included for meta-analysis to investigate the effect of non-pharmacological exposures. The quality of individual studies was rated “good” for eight studies and “poor” for one. Non-pharmacological exposures in MetS patients were effective in reducing CVD-related mortality (relative risk [RR]=0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.91) and all-cause mortality (RR=0.80, 95% CI, 0.75–0.85).
Conclusion
Interventions and education on non-pharmacological exposures in MetS patients are associated with reduced CVD. As evidence continues to emerge, future studies should explore the long-term effects of diet, smoking, and sleep by assessing their individual impacts on CVD outcomes in individuals with MetS.

Purpose
This study examined the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, comorbidities, and self-care quality among CAPD patients in Central Java, Indonesia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included CAPD patients recruited from two tertiary referral hospitals in Central Java (Dr. Kariadi Hospital and Dr. Moewardi Hospital). Data were collected from April to May 2025, with a total sample of 72 patients. The study instruments comprised the Self-care Scale for Peritoneal Dialysis Patients, a knowledge questionnaire, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Spearman’s rank correlation, and univariate logistic regression.
Results
Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of comorbidities was associated with significantly lower odds of good self-care quality (odds ratio [OR], 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.18; p<.001). Higher levels of knowledge (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.19–1.78; p<.001), self-efficacy (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14–1.42; p<.001), and social support (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16–1.64; p<.001) were significantly associated with better self-care quality. Sociodemographic factors showed no statistically significant associations with self-care quality (all p>.05).
Conclusion
Among CAPD patients in Central Java, higher levels of knowledge, self-efficacy, and social support were associated with better self-care quality, whereas the presence of comorbidities was associated with factors hindering optimal self-care. Sociodemographic variables did not demonstrate clear associations with self-care quality, which may be partly attributable to limited statistical power in this sample.

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the frequency and perceived importance of 52 clinical research nursing activities in Korea and to apply importance–performance analysis (IPA) to identify areas requiring improvement.
Methods
A descriptive survey was conducted among 96 clinical research nurses (CRNs) with ≥2 years of experience. Data were collected online in May 2022 using a questionnaire addressing 14 general characteristics and 52 clinical research nursing activities across five dimensions: clinical practice (CP), study management (SM), care coordination and continuity, human subjects protection, and contributing to the science (CS), as defined by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Frequency and importance were evaluated on a 6-point Likert scale. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, the t-test, analysis of variance with Duncan post hoc tests, and IPA.
Results
The mean frequency and importance scores for the 52 activities were 2.02±1.27 and 2.91±1.24, respectively. CP activities were performed most often and rated as most important, whereas CS activities were performed least often and rated as least important. Higher education, certification, and professional association membership were associated with higher CS activity frequencies. IPA revealed strengths in CP and core SM activities, while regulatory reporting, data integrity assurance, and site audits were underperformed despite being highly important.
Conclusion
Korean CRNs play essential roles in CP and SM but require enhanced education, institutional support, and clearer role delineation in regulatory and quality-assurance activities. These findings provide evidence to guide CRN education, policy development, and the strengthening of professional identity among CRNs in Korea.

Purpose
This study investigated the relationships of autonomy, self-efficacy, and social support with rehabilitation motivation in patients who had undergone acute stroke management. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital in Suwon, South Korea. Data were collected from June 1, 2023, to June 1, 2024, using structured self-reported questionnaires administered to patients scheduled for discharge after their first-ever acute stroke management. A total of 231 patients diagnosed with stroke participated in the study. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of rehabilitation motivation. Results: Positive bivariate relationships were observed between autonomy (r=.26, p<.001), self-efficacy (r=.26, p<.001), social support from family (r=.22, p<.001), social support from medical teams (r=.26, p<.001), and rehabilitation motivation. In the hierarchical multiple regression analyses, patients with paralysis (β=−.21, p=.001), higher autonomy (β=.19, p=.003), and higher social support from the medical team (β=.22, p<.001) demonstrated higher rehabilitation motivation. Conclusion: Based on these findings, nursing interventions and educational strategies that enhance patient autonomy and strengthen support from medical teams should be developed and implemented to improve rehabilitation motivation, engagement, and health outcomes in acute stroke care.

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effects of a post-discharge tailored telephone (TATE) follow-up program for patients with low health literacy (LHL) who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention.
Methods
This pilot study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest design to evaluate the preliminary effects of a TATE follow-up program at a university hospital in Seoul. Data were collected from July 2020 to September 2021. A total of 51 patients were recruited, and 46 completed the study. Patients were divided into three groups: an intervention group with LHL, a control group with LHL, and a control group with high health literacy. The intervention group received two 15-minute phone calls as part of the TATE follow-up program.
Results
The TATE follow-up program significantly improved disease- related knowledge in the intervention group compared with the control groups (p=.001). The intervention group also reported significantly higher satisfaction with nursing services than the other two groups (p=.006). However, there were no significant differences in changes in health behavior adherence among the groups, although the intervention group with LHL showed the greatest increase of 17.5 points after the intervention.
Conclusion
This pilot study demonstrated that the TATE follow-up program was effective and feasible for improving disease-related knowledge and satisfaction with nursing services among patients with LHL. These findings highlight the importance of tailored transitional care interventions to support cardiovascular disease management and secondary prevention.

Purpose
This study aimed to identify a clinically meaningful cut-off score on the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing tool for objectively determining healing in adult inpatients with pressure injury.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted using electronic health records from adult inpatients at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing scores were calculated based on wound size, exudate amount, and tissue type. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed, and optimal cut-off scores were identified using the Youden Index. Stratified analyses by pressure injury stage were also conducted to evaluate predictive performance.
Results
A total of 20,476 pressure injuries were analyzed, of which 5,873 were classified as healed. Although all stages were initially included, stage 1 pressure injuries demonstrated limited discriminative ability (area under the curve=0.612) and were therefore excluded from cut-off derivation. For stage 2 or higher pressure injuries, the optimal cut-off score was 3.5, yielding an area under the curve of 0.721, with a sensitivity of 59.8% and a specificity of 72.0%.
Conclusion
The identified threshold for stage 2 or higher pressure injuries demonstrated meaningful discriminative ability for determining wound healing status. Application of this criterion may support more objective and consistent clinical decision-making when using the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing in nursing practice.

Purpose
Concern about graft rejection is a major issue among kidney transplant recipients. However, integrated studies that examine diverse factors influencing the perceived threat of the risk of graft rejection (PTGR) remain rare. This study explored levels of PTGR and the factors associated with PTGR in kidney transplant recipients.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 194 kidney transplant recipients recruited from a tertiary hospital in South Korea. The PTGR scale assesses graft-related threat, intrusive anxiety, and lack of control, and was administered alongside measures of transplant-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, social support, and self-efficacy.
Results
Approximately 70.1% of participants reported strong graft-related threat beliefs, 57.2% experienced high intrusive anxiety, and 46.9% reported a low sense of control related to PTGR. Demographic factors (age, gender, education level, and kidney donor), clinical factors (transplant complications, posttransplant duration, and symptoms), and psychosocial factors (anxiety, depression, and social support) were associated with PTGR. Women, higher education levels, longer posttransplant duration, and donor relationship predicted graft-related threat, whereas anxiety and donor relationship predicted intrusive anxiety.
Conclusion
Many kidney transplant recipients experience high levels of PTGR, which are associated with demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. Healthcare providers should consider these factors when assessing PTGR and incorporate them into targeted interventions to support kidney transplant recipients.

Purpose
While capability and opportunity factors in dementia prevention have been extensively studied, the motivational mechanisms that translate these resources into behavior remain relatively underexplored. This study examined the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationships between instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), social networks, and dementia-prevention behaviors among community-dwelling older adults, guided by the capability, opportunity, motivation-behavior (COM-B) theoretical framework.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 205 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older residing in Gyeongsangnam Province, South Korea. Data were collected between July and September 2024 using validated instruments, including the Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Social Network Measurement Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Korean Health Behavior for Dementia Prevention Scale. Mediation analysis was performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (model 4) with bootstrap resampling (5,000 iterations) to estimate indirect effects, while controlling for demographic and health-related covariates.
Results
Self-efficacy significantly mediated both the IADL–dementia-prevention behavior relationship (indirect effect, −0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.61 to −0.12) and the social network– dementia-prevention behavior relationship (indirect effect, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.002 to 0.19). The mediation models explained 40.7% and 48.5% of the variance in dementia-prevention behaviors, respectively. Bootstrap CIs confirmed significant partial mediation effects in both pathways.
Conclusion
These findings provide empirical support for the COM-B model’s theoretical proposition that motivation serves as a critical bridge linking capability and opportunity factors to actual behavior. Nursing interventions should therefore integrate self-efficacy–enhancement strategies alongside traditional capability-building and opportunity-provision approaches to maximize the effectiveness of dementia-prevention programs for older adults.

Purpose
Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent and often progresses to end-stage renal disease without effective self-management. This study examined the effects of an Individual and Family Self-Management Program delivered via a mobile communication application on self-management behaviors and clinical outcomes among patients with stage 3 CKD.
Methods
A 12-week quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted among 50 patients with stage 3 CKD at a tertiary hospital in Thailand, between January and May 2024. The intervention group received a self-management program grounded in Individual and Family Self-Management Theory and delivered via the LINE chatbot. The program included educational content, self-regulation strategies, and structured family support, while the control group received usual care. Outcomes included self-management behaviors, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Analysis of covariance was used to adjust for baseline differences.
Results
After adjustment for baseline values, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in self-management behaviors (F=7.92, p<.05) and eGFR (F=52.92, p<.001) compared with the control group. Significant reductions were also observed in SBP (F=26.84, p<.001), DBP (F=12.61, p<.05), and HbA1c levels (F=7.74, p<.05).
Conclusion
A mobile-based Individual and Family Self-Management Program effectively improved self-management behaviors and key clinical outcomes among patients with stage 3 CKD, supporting the integration of family engagement and digital technology in chronic disease care.