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Original Article

The Factors Influencing the Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients

Hyun Min Cho1, Eun Kwang Yoo2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(6):614-620.
Published online: December 31, 2014

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Corresponding author: Yoo, Eun Kwang College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2220-0706, Fax: +82-2-2295-2074, E-mail: glory@hanyang.ac.kr
• Received: August 29, 2014   • Accepted: December 3, 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of resilience, depression, and self-esteem of hemodialysis(HD) patients, and to find out the factors influencing resilience.
  • Methods
    The subjects of this descriptive correlational study was 83 outpatients in H hospital in Seoul, Korea, who receive hemodialysis regularly. Data was analyzed by SPSS/WIN 18.0 program.
  • Results
    The resilience of HD patients were statistically different by gender, job, economical state, most supportive person, and recent condition. Self-esteem had positive correlation, while depression had moderate negative correlation with the resilience of HD patients. In regression analysis, depression had significant explanation power, which accounted for 25.4% of the resilience.
  • Conclusion
    The results of this study provide basic data for developing a resilience promoting program. Since health-related conditions of HD patients affect their levels of resilience, individualized assessment and management of complications are necessary. Also, as the resilience is related to family support, activating support groups for HD patients and their spouses would be helpful to promote their resilience.
  • Key Words: Depression; Self-esteem; Resilience
Table 1.
Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Socio-demographic Factors (N=83)
Characteristics Categories n(%) Depression Self-esteem Resilience
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 38 (45.8) 2.43±0.58 -0.31 2.65±0.51 0.21 3.50±0.83 2.34
Female 45 (54.2) 2.47±0.50 (.765) 2.63±0.51 (.832) 3.10±0.70 (.022)
Age (year) (59.87±12.38) ≤40 6 (7.3) 4.00±0.59 0.80 2.78±0.51 1.21 3.11±0.71 0.42
41~50 12 (14.6) 4.03±0.79 (.531) 2.82±0.60 (.315) 3.54±1.04 (.797)
51~60 26 (31.7) 3.65±0.86   2.60±0.51   3.29±0.88
61~70 21 (25.6) 3.60±0.87   2.47±0.49   3.20±0.77
≥71 17 (20.7) 3.78±0.71   2.72±0.44   3.26±0.48
Occupation Employed 14 (16.9) 2.06±0.48 -3.20 2.82±0.55 1.51 3.78±0.61 2.70
Unemployed 69 (83.1) 2.53±0.51 (.002) 2.60±0.49 (.136) 3.18±0.78 (.009)
Economic state So-so 42 (50.6) 2.33±0.53 -2.22 2.81±0.51 3.23 3.52±0.61 2.89
Poor 41 (49.4) 2.58±0.51 (.029) 2.46±0.45 (.002) 3.04±0.88 (.005)
Living arrangement (Post-Hoc) Alone 14 (16.9) 2.52±0.55 0.33 2.50±0.43 0.96 2.94±1.10 2.03
With family 65 (78.3) 2.43±0.54 (.720) 2.68±0.53 (.388) 3.37±0.67 (.138)
Etc. 4 (4.8) 2.59±0.23   2.47±0.42   3.01±1.13  
Most supportive person (Post-Hoc) Spouse 41 (49.4) 2.44±0.61 0.19 2.71±0.56 0.72 3.49±0.64 2.73
Parents 10 (12.0) 2.41±0.28 (.945) 2.57±0.40 (.582) 3.27±0.68 (.035)
Children 18 (21.7) 2.42±0.47   2.64±0.51   3.20±0.68 a＞e
Siblings 9 (10.8) 2.57±0.50   2.43±0.37   2.96±1.00
Etc. 5 (6.0) 2.56±0.65   2.52±0.50   2.46±1.41
Medical Insurance 59 (71.1) 2.39±0.52 1.54 2.72±0.48 3.01 3.34±0.75 1.26
insurance Medical aid 20 (24.1) 2.56±0.55 (.220) 2.46±0.55 (.055) 3.05±0.92 (.288)
  Etc. 4 (4.8) 2.79±0.53   2.30±0.35   3.58±0.38  
Table 2.
Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Disease Factors (N=83)
Variables Categories n(%) Depression Self-esteem Resilience
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Diagnosed period (year) ＞5 28 (33.7) 2.56±0.54 1.26 2.65±0.52 0.06 3.32±0.75 0.29
5~10 23 (27.7) 2.43±0.60 (.293) 2.65±0.58 (.981) 3.37±0.71 (.834)
10~15 11 (13.3) 2.57±0.47   2.58±0.58   3.13±0.77  
＜15 21 (25.3) 2.28±0.46   2.64±0.39   3.21±0.94  
Diseases (Post-Hoc) CGN 16 (19.3) 2.11±0.31 3.33 2.84±0.37 1.09 3.68±0.81 2.10
HTN 14 (16.9) 2.60±0.56 (.024) 2.57±0.43 (.360) 2.99±0.93 (.107)
DM 31 (37.3) 2.58±0.58 a＜c 2.57±0.64   3.25±0.77  
etc. 22 (26.5) 2.43±0.48   2.63±0.41   3.22±0.62  
Number of HD 2 in a week 5 (6.0) 2.25±0.62 -0.88 2.78±0.33 0.62 3.85±0.58 1.68
3 in a week 78 (94.0) 2.47±0.53 (.381) 2.63±0.52 (.538) 3.24±0.79 (.096)
Period of HD (year) ＞1 13 (15.7) 2.37±0.61 1.69 2.93±0.47 1.89 3.48±0.62 0.71
1~5 24 (28.9) 2.63±0.46 (.176) 2.55±0.45 (.138) 3.13±0.74 (.549)
5~10 20 (24.1) 2.47±0.61   2.55±0.67   3.39±0.77  
＜10 26 (31.3) 2.31±0.46   2.65±0.39   3.24±0.92  
Experience of other treatment PD 4 (4.8) 2.36±0.25 1.26 2.87±0.37 0.67 2.83±0.98 0.64
K-T 12 (14.5) 2.33±0.42 (.293) 2.75±0.36 (.576) 3.41±0.83 (.593)
Medicine 55 (66.3) 2.53±0.57   2.59±0.54   3.26±0.81  
Etc. 12 (14.5) 2.24±0.45   2.69±0.51   3.39±0.54  
Recent condition (Post-Hoc) Bad 23 (27.7) 2.91±0.48 17.50 2.32±0.53 7.88 2.73±0.75 9.13
So-so 48 (57.8) 2.33±0.45 (＜.001) 2.73±0.47 (.001) 3.50±0.67 (＜.001)
Good 12 (14.5) 2.08±0.39 a＞b, c 2.90±0.30 a＜b, c 3.43±0.86 a＜b, c

CGN=chronic glomerulonephritis, HTN=hypertension, DM=diabetes mellitus, HD=hemodialysis, PD=peritoneal dialysis, K-T=Kidney transplantation.

Table 3.
Levels of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience (N=83)
Variables n Min. Max. M±SD
Depression 83 1.37 3.58 2.45±0.53
Self-esteem 83 1.50 3.70 2.64±0.51
Resilience 83 1.00 4.92 3.28±0.79
Table 4.
Correlations of related Variables with Resilience (N=83)
Variables Resilience
r (p)
Depression -.50 (＜.001)
Self-esteem .46 (＜.001)
Table 5.
Regression Equation Values for the Prediction of Resilience (N=83)
Variables B SE β t p Collinearity statistics
Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 3.604 .961   3.75 ＜.001    
Depression -0.502 .199 -.340 -2.53 .014 .503 1.989
Self-esteem 0.346 .208 .224 1.66 .100 .503 1.989
Adj. R2=.254, F=14.982, p＜.001

Durbin-Watson=1.992.

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    The Factors Influencing the Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(6):614-620.   Published online December 31, 2014
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.6.614
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    The Factors Influencing the Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(6):614-620.   Published online December 31, 2014
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.6.614
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    The Factors Influencing the Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients
    The Factors Influencing the Resilience among Hemodialysis Patients

    Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Socio-demographic Factors (N=83)

    Characteristics Categories n(%) Depression Self-esteem Resilience
    M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
    Gender Male 38 (45.8) 2.43±0.58 -0.31 2.65±0.51 0.21 3.50±0.83 2.34
    Female 45 (54.2) 2.47±0.50 (.765) 2.63±0.51 (.832) 3.10±0.70 (.022)
    Age (year) (59.87±12.38) ≤40 6 (7.3) 4.00±0.59 0.80 2.78±0.51 1.21 3.11±0.71 0.42
    41~50 12 (14.6) 4.03±0.79 (.531) 2.82±0.60 (.315) 3.54±1.04 (.797)
    51~60 26 (31.7) 3.65±0.86   2.60±0.51   3.29±0.88
    61~70 21 (25.6) 3.60±0.87   2.47±0.49   3.20±0.77
    ≥71 17 (20.7) 3.78±0.71   2.72±0.44   3.26±0.48
    Occupation Employed 14 (16.9) 2.06±0.48 -3.20 2.82±0.55 1.51 3.78±0.61 2.70
    Unemployed 69 (83.1) 2.53±0.51 (.002) 2.60±0.49 (.136) 3.18±0.78 (.009)
    Economic state So-so 42 (50.6) 2.33±0.53 -2.22 2.81±0.51 3.23 3.52±0.61 2.89
    Poor 41 (49.4) 2.58±0.51 (.029) 2.46±0.45 (.002) 3.04±0.88 (.005)
    Living arrangement (Post-Hoc) Alone 14 (16.9) 2.52±0.55 0.33 2.50±0.43 0.96 2.94±1.10 2.03
    With family 65 (78.3) 2.43±0.54 (.720) 2.68±0.53 (.388) 3.37±0.67 (.138)
    Etc. 4 (4.8) 2.59±0.23   2.47±0.42   3.01±1.13  
    Most supportive person (Post-Hoc) Spouse 41 (49.4) 2.44±0.61 0.19 2.71±0.56 0.72 3.49±0.64 2.73
    Parents 10 (12.0) 2.41±0.28 (.945) 2.57±0.40 (.582) 3.27±0.68 (.035)
    Children 18 (21.7) 2.42±0.47   2.64±0.51   3.20±0.68 a＞e
    Siblings 9 (10.8) 2.57±0.50   2.43±0.37   2.96±1.00
    Etc. 5 (6.0) 2.56±0.65   2.52±0.50   2.46±1.41
    Medical Insurance 59 (71.1) 2.39±0.52 1.54 2.72±0.48 3.01 3.34±0.75 1.26
    insurance Medical aid 20 (24.1) 2.56±0.55 (.220) 2.46±0.55 (.055) 3.05±0.92 (.288)
      Etc. 4 (4.8) 2.79±0.53   2.30±0.35   3.58±0.38  

    Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Disease Factors (N=83)

    Variables Categories n(%) Depression Self-esteem Resilience
    M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
    Diagnosed period (year) ＞5 28 (33.7) 2.56±0.54 1.26 2.65±0.52 0.06 3.32±0.75 0.29
    5~10 23 (27.7) 2.43±0.60 (.293) 2.65±0.58 (.981) 3.37±0.71 (.834)
    10~15 11 (13.3) 2.57±0.47   2.58±0.58   3.13±0.77  
    ＜15 21 (25.3) 2.28±0.46   2.64±0.39   3.21±0.94  
    Diseases (Post-Hoc) CGN 16 (19.3) 2.11±0.31 3.33 2.84±0.37 1.09 3.68±0.81 2.10
    HTN 14 (16.9) 2.60±0.56 (.024) 2.57±0.43 (.360) 2.99±0.93 (.107)
    DM 31 (37.3) 2.58±0.58 a＜c 2.57±0.64   3.25±0.77  
    etc. 22 (26.5) 2.43±0.48   2.63±0.41   3.22±0.62  
    Number of HD 2 in a week 5 (6.0) 2.25±0.62 -0.88 2.78±0.33 0.62 3.85±0.58 1.68
    3 in a week 78 (94.0) 2.47±0.53 (.381) 2.63±0.52 (.538) 3.24±0.79 (.096)
    Period of HD (year) ＞1 13 (15.7) 2.37±0.61 1.69 2.93±0.47 1.89 3.48±0.62 0.71
    1~5 24 (28.9) 2.63±0.46 (.176) 2.55±0.45 (.138) 3.13±0.74 (.549)
    5~10 20 (24.1) 2.47±0.61   2.55±0.67   3.39±0.77  
    ＜10 26 (31.3) 2.31±0.46   2.65±0.39   3.24±0.92  
    Experience of other treatment PD 4 (4.8) 2.36±0.25 1.26 2.87±0.37 0.67 2.83±0.98 0.64
    K-T 12 (14.5) 2.33±0.42 (.293) 2.75±0.36 (.576) 3.41±0.83 (.593)
    Medicine 55 (66.3) 2.53±0.57   2.59±0.54   3.26±0.81  
    Etc. 12 (14.5) 2.24±0.45   2.69±0.51   3.39±0.54  
    Recent condition (Post-Hoc) Bad 23 (27.7) 2.91±0.48 17.50 2.32±0.53 7.88 2.73±0.75 9.13
    So-so 48 (57.8) 2.33±0.45 (＜.001) 2.73±0.47 (.001) 3.50±0.67 (＜.001)
    Good 12 (14.5) 2.08±0.39 a＞b, c 2.90±0.30 a＜b, c 3.43±0.86 a＜b, c

    CGN=chronic glomerulonephritis, HTN=hypertension, DM=diabetes mellitus, HD=hemodialysis, PD=peritoneal dialysis, K-T=Kidney transplantation.

    Levels of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience (N=83)

    Variables n Min. Max. M±SD
    Depression 83 1.37 3.58 2.45±0.53
    Self-esteem 83 1.50 3.70 2.64±0.51
    Resilience 83 1.00 4.92 3.28±0.79

    Correlations of related Variables with Resilience (N=83)

    Variables Resilience
    r (p)
    Depression -.50 (＜.001)
    Self-esteem .46 (＜.001)

    Regression Equation Values for the Prediction of Resilience (N=83)

    Variables B SE β t p Collinearity statistics
    Tolerance VIF
    (Constant) 3.604 .961   3.75 ＜.001    
    Depression -0.502 .199 -.340 -2.53 .014 .503 1.989
    Self-esteem 0.346 .208 .224 1.66 .100 .503 1.989
    Adj. R2=.254, F=14.982, p＜.001

    Durbin-Watson=1.992.
    Table 1. Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Socio-demographic Factors (N=83)

    Table 2. Differences of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience according to Disease Factors (N=83)

    CGN=chronic glomerulonephritis, HTN=hypertension, DM=diabetes mellitus, HD=hemodialysis, PD=peritoneal dialysis, K-T=Kidney transplantation.

    Table 3. Levels of Depression, Self-esteem, and Resilience (N=83)

    Table 4. Correlations of related Variables with Resilience (N=83)

    Table 5. Regression Equation Values for the Prediction of Resilience (N=83)

    Durbin-Watson=1.992.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

    Korean J Adult Nurs : Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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