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Original Article

Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying in Korean Hospital Nurses

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(5):553-562.
Published online: October 31, 2014

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Corresponding author: Kang, Jiyeon Department of Nursing, Dong-A University, 1 Dongdaesin-dong 3-ga, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-2871, Fax: +82-51-240-2920, E-mail: jykang@dau.ac.kr
• Received: May 14, 2014   • Accepted: September 29, 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing workplace bullying among Korean hospital nurses.
  • Methods
    Subjects in this study included 178 hospital nurses who attended two nationwide nursing educational conferences in 2013. The data was collected using self-report questionnaires which were used to identify the subjects’ characteristics, self-esteem, perception of nursing organizational culture, and workplace bullying experience.
  • Results
    The results showed that 19.1% of study subjects reported being victims of workplace bullying and mostly experienced person-related and work-related bullying. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify factors affecting workplace bullying. The perception of relation-oriented culture, task-oriented culture and self-esteem turned out to be variables that explained nurses’ workplace bullying, and these factors accounted for 32.0% of the variance.
  • Conclusion
    The findings suggest that nurses experience more workplace bullying in task-oriented cultures. However, they experience less bullying and report higher self-esteem and awareness in relation-oriented cultures. Interventions focused on the characteristics of the organization need to be developed to prevent workplace bullying in hospital nurses.
Table 1.
Comparison of Workplace Bullying Score according to the Subjects' Characteristics (N=178)
Characteristics Categories n (%) Workplace bullying
M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 6 (3.4) 30.67±9.61 -0.96 (.338)
Female 172 (96.6) 35.84±13.05
Age (year) ≤25 92 (51.7) 35.30±11.40 2.98 (.054)
26~30 57 (32.0) 38.42±16.74
≥31 29 (16.3) 31.38±6.59
Religion Yes 121 (68.0) 35.76±13.66 0.15 (.884)
No 57 (32.0) 35.46±11.42
Marital status Single 157 (88.2) 36.25±13.18 1.68 (.096)
Married 21 (11.8) 31.24±10.37
Total career (month) ≤12 35 (19.7) 34.51±11.82 1.91 (.130)
13~36 66 (37.1) 37.42±13.95
36~72 50 (28.1) 36.76±14.53
≥73 27 (15.1) 30.81±6.30
Department Internal medicinea 50 (28.1) 43.18±17.50 12.19 (<.001)
Surgeryb 46 (25.9) 36.04±9.86 a>b, c, d
ICUc 54 (30.3) 32.54±8.88 b>d
Othersd 28 (15.7) 27.64±6.04
Career in present ward (month) ≤12 43 (24.2) 35.19±14.24 0.77 (.512)
13~36 73 (41.0) 37.04±13.59
36~72 47 (26.4) 35.21±12.29
≥73 15 (8.4) 31.73±6.31
Education Diploma 62 (34.8) 35.13±12.27 0.11 (.894)
Bachelor 107 (60.1) 36.04±13.79
≥Master 9 (5.1) 34.89±6.51
position Staff nurse 169 (94.9) 36.09±13.13 5.03 (<.001)
Charge nurse 9 (5.1) 27.56±4.10

ICU=intensive care unit;

Tukey's range test.

Table 2.
Mean Scores of Workplace Bullying (N=178)
Variables Categories M±SD
Person related bullying Being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger 2.02±1.07
Repeated reminders of your errors or mistakes 1.98±0.96
Being humiliated or ridiculed in connection with your work 1.86±0.94
Being ignored or facing a hostile reaction when you approach 1.66±0.90
Having insulting or offensive remarks made about your person, attitudes or your private life 1.64±0.92
 
Being ignored or excluded 1.63±0.89
Spreading of gossip and rumours about you 1.61±0.85
Having your opinions ignored 1.61±0.79
Persistent criticism of your errors or mistakes 1.57±0.87
Excessive monitoring of your work 1.52±0.90
Having allegations made against you 1.46±0.75
Being the subject of excessive teasing and sarcasm 1.38±0.74
Subtotal 19.94±8.42
Work related bullying Being exposed to an unmanageable workload 2.65±1.25
Someone withholding information which affects your performance 1.95±0.93
Being ordered to do work below your level of competence 1.92±1.07
Having key areas of responsibility removed or replaced with more trivial or unpleasant tasks 1.78±0.88
 
Being given tasks with unreasonable deadlines 1.39±0.69
Subtotal 9.69±3.46
Intimidation related bullying Pressure not to claim something to which by right you are entitled 1.35±0.70
Intimidating behaviors such as finger-pointing, related invasion of personal space, shoving, blocking your way 1.26±0.70
 
Threats of violence or physical abuse or actual abuse 1.17±0.60
Hints or signals from others that you should quit your job 1.15±0.52
Practical jokes carried out by people you don't get along with 1.11±0.45
Subtotal 6.03±2.29
Total   35.66±12.96
Table 3.
Mean Score of Nursing Organizational Culture and Self-esteem (N=178)
Variables M±SD Range Min Max
Nursing organizational culture        
  Relational-oriented culture 3.36±0.67 1~5 1.40 5.00
  Rank-oriented culture 3.62±0.43 1~5 2.60 4.80
  Task-oriented culture 3.00±0.49 1~5 1.75 4.50
  Innovation-oriented culture 3.09±0.58 1~5 1.17 4.50
Self-esteem 29.73±4.16 10~40 19.00 40.00
Table 4.
Correlations among the Study Variables (N=178)
Variables Bullying (total) Bullying (person) Bullying (work) Bullying (intimidation) OC (relational) OC (rank) OC (task) OC (innovation)
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Bullying (person) .97              
  (<.001)              
Bullying (work) .85 .73            
  (<.001) (<.001)            
Bullying (intimidation) .81 .70 .65          
  (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)          
OC (relational) -.52 -.52 -.44 -.40        
  (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)        
OC (rank) .13 .13 .16 .02 -.22      
  (.091) (.098) (.036) (.760) (.003)      
OC (task) .16 .16 .13 .13 .01 .22    
  (.033) (.038) (.073) (.088) (.89) (.003)    
OC (innovation) -.24 -.21 -.26 -.19 .58 -.22 .33  
  (.002) (.006) (.001) (.010) (<.001) (.003) (<.001)  
Self-esteem -.22 -.26 -.22 -.27 .13 .12 .06 -.02
  (.003) (<.001) (.004) (<.001) (.097) (.120) (.469) (.820)

OC=organizational culture.

Table 5.
Factors affecting Workplace Bullying (N=178)
Variables Categories Model 1 Model 2
β t (p) β t (p)
Control Position (Staff nurse) .08 1.20 (.231) .06 0.98 (.329)
Department (Internal medicine) .53 5.35 (<.001) .37 4.27 (<.001)
Department (Surgery) .27 2.73 (.007) .16 1.83 (.069)
Department (ICU) .17 1.75 (.083) .10 1.14 (.257)
Independent Self-esteem     -.14 -2.22 (.028)
Relational-oriented culture     -.46 -5.83 (<.001)
Task-oriented culture     .17 2.58 (.011)
Innovation-oriented culture     .05 0.57 (.570)
Adjusted R2   .16 .39
ΔR2 (p)       .23 (<.001)
F (p)   9.53 (<.001) 14.99 (<.001)

ICU=intensive care unit;

Dummy coded (staff nurse=1, charge nurse=0);

Reference=others department.

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    Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying in Korean Hospital Nurses
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(5):553-562.   Published online October 31, 2014
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    Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying in Korean Hospital Nurses
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(5):553-562.   Published online October 31, 2014
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    Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying in Korean Hospital Nurses
    Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying in Korean Hospital Nurses

    Comparison of Workplace Bullying Score according to the Subjects' Characteristics (N=178)

    Characteristics Categories n (%) Workplace bullying
    M±SD t or F (p)
    Gender Male 6 (3.4) 30.67±9.61 -0.96 (.338)
    Female 172 (96.6) 35.84±13.05
    Age (year) ≤25 92 (51.7) 35.30±11.40 2.98 (.054)
    26~30 57 (32.0) 38.42±16.74
    ≥31 29 (16.3) 31.38±6.59
    Religion Yes 121 (68.0) 35.76±13.66 0.15 (.884)
    No 57 (32.0) 35.46±11.42
    Marital status Single 157 (88.2) 36.25±13.18 1.68 (.096)
    Married 21 (11.8) 31.24±10.37
    Total career (month) ≤12 35 (19.7) 34.51±11.82 1.91 (.130)
    13~36 66 (37.1) 37.42±13.95
    36~72 50 (28.1) 36.76±14.53
    ≥73 27 (15.1) 30.81±6.30
    Department Internal medicinea 50 (28.1) 43.18±17.50 12.19 (<.001)
    Surgeryb 46 (25.9) 36.04±9.86 a>b, c, d
    ICUc 54 (30.3) 32.54±8.88 b>d
    Othersd 28 (15.7) 27.64±6.04
    Career in present ward (month) ≤12 43 (24.2) 35.19±14.24 0.77 (.512)
    13~36 73 (41.0) 37.04±13.59
    36~72 47 (26.4) 35.21±12.29
    ≥73 15 (8.4) 31.73±6.31
    Education Diploma 62 (34.8) 35.13±12.27 0.11 (.894)
    Bachelor 107 (60.1) 36.04±13.79
    ≥Master 9 (5.1) 34.89±6.51
    position Staff nurse 169 (94.9) 36.09±13.13 5.03 (<.001)
    Charge nurse 9 (5.1) 27.56±4.10

    ICU=intensive care unit;

    Tukey's range test.

    Mean Scores of Workplace Bullying (N=178)

    Variables Categories M±SD
    Person related bullying Being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger 2.02±1.07
    Repeated reminders of your errors or mistakes 1.98±0.96
    Being humiliated or ridiculed in connection with your work 1.86±0.94
    Being ignored or facing a hostile reaction when you approach 1.66±0.90
    Having insulting or offensive remarks made about your person, attitudes or your private life 1.64±0.92
     
    Being ignored or excluded 1.63±0.89
    Spreading of gossip and rumours about you 1.61±0.85
    Having your opinions ignored 1.61±0.79
    Persistent criticism of your errors or mistakes 1.57±0.87
    Excessive monitoring of your work 1.52±0.90
    Having allegations made against you 1.46±0.75
    Being the subject of excessive teasing and sarcasm 1.38±0.74
    Subtotal 19.94±8.42
    Work related bullying Being exposed to an unmanageable workload 2.65±1.25
    Someone withholding information which affects your performance 1.95±0.93
    Being ordered to do work below your level of competence 1.92±1.07
    Having key areas of responsibility removed or replaced with more trivial or unpleasant tasks 1.78±0.88
     
    Being given tasks with unreasonable deadlines 1.39±0.69
    Subtotal 9.69±3.46
    Intimidation related bullying Pressure not to claim something to which by right you are entitled 1.35±0.70
    Intimidating behaviors such as finger-pointing, related invasion of personal space, shoving, blocking your way 1.26±0.70
     
    Threats of violence or physical abuse or actual abuse 1.17±0.60
    Hints or signals from others that you should quit your job 1.15±0.52
    Practical jokes carried out by people you don't get along with 1.11±0.45
    Subtotal 6.03±2.29
    Total   35.66±12.96

    Mean Score of Nursing Organizational Culture and Self-esteem (N=178)

    Variables M±SD Range Min Max
    Nursing organizational culture        
      Relational-oriented culture 3.36±0.67 1~5 1.40 5.00
      Rank-oriented culture 3.62±0.43 1~5 2.60 4.80
      Task-oriented culture 3.00±0.49 1~5 1.75 4.50
      Innovation-oriented culture 3.09±0.58 1~5 1.17 4.50
    Self-esteem 29.73±4.16 10~40 19.00 40.00

    Correlations among the Study Variables (N=178)

    Variables Bullying (total) Bullying (person) Bullying (work) Bullying (intimidation) OC (relational) OC (rank) OC (task) OC (innovation)
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Bullying (person) .97              
      (<.001)              
    Bullying (work) .85 .73            
      (<.001) (<.001)            
    Bullying (intimidation) .81 .70 .65          
      (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)          
    OC (relational) -.52 -.52 -.44 -.40        
      (<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)        
    OC (rank) .13 .13 .16 .02 -.22      
      (.091) (.098) (.036) (.760) (.003)      
    OC (task) .16 .16 .13 .13 .01 .22    
      (.033) (.038) (.073) (.088) (.89) (.003)    
    OC (innovation) -.24 -.21 -.26 -.19 .58 -.22 .33  
      (.002) (.006) (.001) (.010) (<.001) (.003) (<.001)  
    Self-esteem -.22 -.26 -.22 -.27 .13 .12 .06 -.02
      (.003) (<.001) (.004) (<.001) (.097) (.120) (.469) (.820)

    OC=organizational culture.

    Factors affecting Workplace Bullying (N=178)

    Variables Categories Model 1 Model 2
    β t (p) β t (p)
    Control Position (Staff nurse) .08 1.20 (.231) .06 0.98 (.329)
    Department (Internal medicine) .53 5.35 (<.001) .37 4.27 (<.001)
    Department (Surgery) .27 2.73 (.007) .16 1.83 (.069)
    Department (ICU) .17 1.75 (.083) .10 1.14 (.257)
    Independent Self-esteem     -.14 -2.22 (.028)
    Relational-oriented culture     -.46 -5.83 (<.001)
    Task-oriented culture     .17 2.58 (.011)
    Innovation-oriented culture     .05 0.57 (.570)
    Adjusted R2   .16 .39
    ΔR2 (p)       .23 (<.001)
    F (p)   9.53 (<.001) 14.99 (<.001)

    ICU=intensive care unit;

    Dummy coded (staff nurse=1, charge nurse=0);

    Reference=others department.

    Table 1. Comparison of Workplace Bullying Score according to the Subjects' Characteristics (N=178)

    ICU=intensive care unit;

    Tukey's range test.

    Table 2. Mean Scores of Workplace Bullying (N=178)

    Table 3. Mean Score of Nursing Organizational Culture and Self-esteem (N=178)

    Table 4. Correlations among the Study Variables (N=178)

    OC=organizational culture.

    Table 5. Factors affecting Workplace Bullying (N=178)

    ICU=intensive care unit;

    Dummy coded (staff nurse=1, charge nurse=0);

    Reference=others department.

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