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Original Article

Study of the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue, Somatization and Silencing Response among Hospital Nurses: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Silencing Response

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(3):362-371.
Published online: June 30, 2014

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Corresponding author: Lee, Tae Wha College of Nursing, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2228-3305, Fax: +82-2-392-5440, E-mail: 79ssunhwa@hanmail.net
• Received: November 26, 2013   • Accepted: June 3, 2014

Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify Compassion Fatigue (CF), Somatization, and Silencing Response (SR) among nurses and understand intermediate effects between the variables.
  • Methods
    The sample of 240 nurses who were working three shifts in medical and surgical wards, and emergency room were recruited in three hospitals with over 700 beds. A structured questionnaire was used which included CF, Somatization and SR scales. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression.
  • Results
    There were statistically significant differences in CF, Somatization and SR depending on perceived personal health condition, experience of turnover, co-worker support. There were significant correlations between those study variables. The result also indicated that burnout (ß=.81, p<.001) which is a part of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Somatization (ß=.79, p<.001) have the role of partial mediator in the relationship between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Silencing response.
  • Conclusion
    The results of study show that an intermediary role by Burnout and Somatization in Silencing response of nurses is important for effective human resource management in hospital nursing staffs. Effective human resource management which includes mentoring and social support system can enhance the professional quality of life of nurses, which will eventually contribute to the quality of care by those care providers and counselors.
Table 1.
Differences of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response according to General Characteristics (N=240)
Variables Categories n(%) Compassion fatigue Somatization Silencing response
STS Burnout
M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé M±SD t or F (p) Scheffé M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé
Gender Male 4(1.7) 2.00±0.82 8.62 2.65±0.60 2.14 2.13±0.92 0.00 4.70±1.22 0.42
Female 236(98.3) 2.81±0.55 (.004) 3.01±0.48 (.145) 2.11±0.71 (.961) 5.12±1.29 (.517)
Age(year) 20~29a 125(52.1) 2.85±0.59 2.05 3.11±0.51 8.26 2.18±0.72 2.26 5.31±1.15 8.56
30~39b 85(35.4) 2.80±0.49 (.131) 2.92±0.39 (<.001) 2.08±0.67 (.072) 5.07±1.36 (<.001)
≥40c 30(12.5) 2.62±0.58   2.77±0.52 a>c 1.86±0.71 a>c 4.30±1.29 a, b>c
Marital status Unmarried 160(66.7) 2.79±0.60 0.09 2.92±0.40 3.52 2.09±0.70 .23 5.10±1.22 0.06
Married 80(33.3) 2.82±0.46 (.768) 3.04±0.52 (.062) 2.14±0.72 (.636) 5.14±1.41 (.801)
Religion Yes 135(56.2) 2.80±0.54 0.00 2.95±0.46 4.33 2.13±0.77 .19 5.01±1.25 2.10
No 105(43.8) 2.80±0.58 (.976) 3.08±0.51 (.038) 2.09±0.66 (.664) 5.25±1.32 (.148)
Education Collegea Universitiyb ≥Masterc 111(46.3) 105(43.7) 24(10.0) 2.87±0.55 2.76±0.58 2.68±0.50 1.63 (.199) 3.10±0.50 2.97±0.46 2.70±0.39 7.81 (<.001) a, b>c 2.21±0.78 2.03±0.60 2.00±0.78 2.06 (.130) 5.29±1.26 5.03±1.26 4.69±1.40 2.68 (.071)
On duty average sleeping tim <5hrs 53(22.1) 2.69±0.58 2.90 2.94±0.53 2.12 2.22±0.62 3.48 5.10±1.25 0.12
≥5hrs 87(36.3) 2.91±0.49 (.057) 3.09±0.45 (.123) 2.21±0.73 (<.032) 5.17±1.37 (.885)
≥6hrs 100(41.6) 2.77±0.59   2.96±0.49   1.97±0.71 a>b, c 5.07±1.24  
Off duty average sleeping time <7hrs 85(35.4) 2.75±0.47 1.13 2.97±0.44 0.45 2.16±0.70 0.77 5.03±1.23 0.63
≥7hrs 155(64.6) 2.83±0.60 (.288) 3.02±0.51 (.505) 2.08±0.71 (.381) 5.16±1.32 (.427)
Subjective health status UnHealthya Usuallyb Healthyc 78(32.5) 121(50.4) 41(17.1) 2.91±0.57 2.85±0.50 2.45±0.58 10.74 (<.001) a, b>c 3.26±0.46 2.94±0.41 2.69±0.50 24.36 (<.001) a>b>c 2.46±0.79 2.02±0.60 1.69±0.50 20.34 (<.001) 5.48±1.17 5.08±1.31 4.51±1.21 8.28 (<.001) a, b>c
Work unit Medical 103(42.9) 2.82±0.57 1.48 2.99±0.49 1.41 2.11±0.74 1.27 4.91±1.28 2.28
Surgical 108(45.0) 2.83±0.53 (.230) 3.05±0.49 (.247) 2.16±0.72 (.282) 5.25±1.29 (.105)
ER 29(12.1) 2.63±0.59   2.89±0.47   1.92±0.48   5.32±1.23  
Clinical experience (year) >5a 113(47.1) 2.82±0.61 0.15 3.05±0.49 2.62 2.17±0.69 0.77 5.34±1.18 6.47
≥5b 54(22.5) 2.78±0.50 (.862) 3.05±0.51 (.075) 2.07±0.73 (.466) 5.25±1.24 (<.001)
≥10c 73(30.4) 2.78±0.53   2.89±0.46   2.04±0.71   4.67±1.38 a, b>c
Experience in current unit (year) >3 97(40.4) 2.81±0.57 1.52 3.04±0.51 1.03 2.09±0.70 0.40 5.18±1.23 0.69
≥3 42(17.5) 2.92±0.61 (.221) 3.04±0.56 (.357) 2.20±0.66 (.688) 5.24±1.35 (.504)
≥5 101(42.1) 2.75±0.52   2.95±0.43   2.08±0.73   5.00±1.32  
Position Staff 209(87.1) 2.80±0.57 0.00 3.02±0.49 2.24 2.12±0.69 0.60 5.18±1.27 4.60
Charge 31(12.9) 2.80±0.48 (.989) 2.88±0.42 (.136) 2.02±0.80 (.441) 4.66±1.33 (.033)
Turn over experience Yes 46(4.2) 2.58±0.55 9.37 2.86±0.51 5.04 1.85±0.54 7.80 4.62±1.18 8.85
No 194(80.8) 2.85±0.55 (.002) 3.04±0.48 (.026) 2.17±0.73 (.006) 5.23±1.28 (.003)
Co-work support Yes 125(52.1) 2.71±0.56 7.32 2.91±0.48 10.74 1.94±0.58 15.31 4.93±1.14 5.20
No 115(47.9) 2.90±0.54 (.007) 3.11±0.47 (<.001) 2.29±0.78 (<.001) 5.31±1.40 (<.023)

STS=secondary traumatic stress.

Table 2.
The Descriptive Statistics of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response of Participants. (N=240)
Variables   Categories n (%) M±SD Range
Compassion fatigue Secondary traumatic stress ≤22 (low) 37 (15.4) 28.01±5.59 10~50
23~41 (moderate) 201 (83.8)
≥42 (high) 2 (0.8)
Burnout ≤22 (low) 7 (2.9) 27.49±4.67 10~50
23~41 (moderate) 232 (96.7)
≥42 (high) 1 (0.4)
Somatization       23.58±7.85  12~60 
Silencing response   0~20 (minimal risk) 0 (0.0) 76.71±19.26 0~150
  21~40 (some risk) 6 (2.5)
  41~94 (moderate risk) 193 (80.4)
  95~150 (high risk) 41 (17.1)
Table 3.
Correlations among Variables (N=240)
Variables Compassion fatigue Somatization
Secondary traumatic stress Burnout
r (p) r (p) r (p)
Burnout .60 (<.001)    
Somatization .48 (<.001) .49 (<.001)  
Silencing response .46 (<.001) .48 (<.001) .42 (<.001)
Table 4.
Burnout in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)
kjan-26-362t4.jpg

IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; BO=burnout; SR=silencing response;

*p<.001.

Table 5.
Somatization in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)
kjan-26-362t5.jpg

IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; SR=silencing response;

*p<.001.

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    Study of the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue, Somatization and Silencing Response among Hospital Nurses: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Silencing Response
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(3):362-371.   Published online June 30, 2014
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    Study of the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue, Somatization and Silencing Response among Hospital Nurses: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Silencing Response
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2014;26(3):362-371.   Published online June 30, 2014
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    Study of the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue, Somatization and Silencing Response among Hospital Nurses: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Silencing Response
    Study of the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue, Somatization and Silencing Response among Hospital Nurses: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Silencing Response

    Differences of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response according to General Characteristics (N=240)

    Variables Categories n(%) Compassion fatigue Somatization Silencing response
    STS Burnout
    M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé M±SD t or F (p) Scheffé M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé M±SD t or F(p) Scheffé
    Gender Male 4(1.7) 2.00±0.82 8.62 2.65±0.60 2.14 2.13±0.92 0.00 4.70±1.22 0.42
    Female 236(98.3) 2.81±0.55 (.004) 3.01±0.48 (.145) 2.11±0.71 (.961) 5.12±1.29 (.517)
    Age(year) 20~29a 125(52.1) 2.85±0.59 2.05 3.11±0.51 8.26 2.18±0.72 2.26 5.31±1.15 8.56
    30~39b 85(35.4) 2.80±0.49 (.131) 2.92±0.39 (<.001) 2.08±0.67 (.072) 5.07±1.36 (<.001)
    ≥40c 30(12.5) 2.62±0.58   2.77±0.52 a>c 1.86±0.71 a>c 4.30±1.29 a, b>c
    Marital status Unmarried 160(66.7) 2.79±0.60 0.09 2.92±0.40 3.52 2.09±0.70 .23 5.10±1.22 0.06
    Married 80(33.3) 2.82±0.46 (.768) 3.04±0.52 (.062) 2.14±0.72 (.636) 5.14±1.41 (.801)
    Religion Yes 135(56.2) 2.80±0.54 0.00 2.95±0.46 4.33 2.13±0.77 .19 5.01±1.25 2.10
    No 105(43.8) 2.80±0.58 (.976) 3.08±0.51 (.038) 2.09±0.66 (.664) 5.25±1.32 (.148)
    Education Collegea Universitiyb ≥Masterc 111(46.3) 105(43.7) 24(10.0) 2.87±0.55 2.76±0.58 2.68±0.50 1.63 (.199) 3.10±0.50 2.97±0.46 2.70±0.39 7.81 (<.001) a, b>c 2.21±0.78 2.03±0.60 2.00±0.78 2.06 (.130) 5.29±1.26 5.03±1.26 4.69±1.40 2.68 (.071)
    On duty average sleeping tim <5hrs 53(22.1) 2.69±0.58 2.90 2.94±0.53 2.12 2.22±0.62 3.48 5.10±1.25 0.12
    ≥5hrs 87(36.3) 2.91±0.49 (.057) 3.09±0.45 (.123) 2.21±0.73 (<.032) 5.17±1.37 (.885)
    ≥6hrs 100(41.6) 2.77±0.59   2.96±0.49   1.97±0.71 a>b, c 5.07±1.24  
    Off duty average sleeping time <7hrs 85(35.4) 2.75±0.47 1.13 2.97±0.44 0.45 2.16±0.70 0.77 5.03±1.23 0.63
    ≥7hrs 155(64.6) 2.83±0.60 (.288) 3.02±0.51 (.505) 2.08±0.71 (.381) 5.16±1.32 (.427)
    Subjective health status UnHealthya Usuallyb Healthyc 78(32.5) 121(50.4) 41(17.1) 2.91±0.57 2.85±0.50 2.45±0.58 10.74 (<.001) a, b>c 3.26±0.46 2.94±0.41 2.69±0.50 24.36 (<.001) a>b>c 2.46±0.79 2.02±0.60 1.69±0.50 20.34 (<.001) 5.48±1.17 5.08±1.31 4.51±1.21 8.28 (<.001) a, b>c
    Work unit Medical 103(42.9) 2.82±0.57 1.48 2.99±0.49 1.41 2.11±0.74 1.27 4.91±1.28 2.28
    Surgical 108(45.0) 2.83±0.53 (.230) 3.05±0.49 (.247) 2.16±0.72 (.282) 5.25±1.29 (.105)
    ER 29(12.1) 2.63±0.59   2.89±0.47   1.92±0.48   5.32±1.23  
    Clinical experience (year) >5a 113(47.1) 2.82±0.61 0.15 3.05±0.49 2.62 2.17±0.69 0.77 5.34±1.18 6.47
    ≥5b 54(22.5) 2.78±0.50 (.862) 3.05±0.51 (.075) 2.07±0.73 (.466) 5.25±1.24 (<.001)
    ≥10c 73(30.4) 2.78±0.53   2.89±0.46   2.04±0.71   4.67±1.38 a, b>c
    Experience in current unit (year) >3 97(40.4) 2.81±0.57 1.52 3.04±0.51 1.03 2.09±0.70 0.40 5.18±1.23 0.69
    ≥3 42(17.5) 2.92±0.61 (.221) 3.04±0.56 (.357) 2.20±0.66 (.688) 5.24±1.35 (.504)
    ≥5 101(42.1) 2.75±0.52   2.95±0.43   2.08±0.73   5.00±1.32  
    Position Staff 209(87.1) 2.80±0.57 0.00 3.02±0.49 2.24 2.12±0.69 0.60 5.18±1.27 4.60
    Charge 31(12.9) 2.80±0.48 (.989) 2.88±0.42 (.136) 2.02±0.80 (.441) 4.66±1.33 (.033)
    Turn over experience Yes 46(4.2) 2.58±0.55 9.37 2.86±0.51 5.04 1.85±0.54 7.80 4.62±1.18 8.85
    No 194(80.8) 2.85±0.55 (.002) 3.04±0.48 (.026) 2.17±0.73 (.006) 5.23±1.28 (.003)
    Co-work support Yes 125(52.1) 2.71±0.56 7.32 2.91±0.48 10.74 1.94±0.58 15.31 4.93±1.14 5.20
    No 115(47.9) 2.90±0.54 (.007) 3.11±0.47 (<.001) 2.29±0.78 (<.001) 5.31±1.40 (<.023)

    STS=secondary traumatic stress.

    The Descriptive Statistics of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response of Participants. (N=240)

    Variables   Categories n (%) M±SD Range
    Compassion fatigue Secondary traumatic stress ≤22 (low) 37 (15.4) 28.01±5.59 10~50
    23~41 (moderate) 201 (83.8)
    ≥42 (high) 2 (0.8)
    Burnout ≤22 (low) 7 (2.9) 27.49±4.67 10~50
    23~41 (moderate) 232 (96.7)
    ≥42 (high) 1 (0.4)
    Somatization       23.58±7.85  12~60 
    Silencing response   0~20 (minimal risk) 0 (0.0) 76.71±19.26 0~150
      21~40 (some risk) 6 (2.5)
      41~94 (moderate risk) 193 (80.4)
      95~150 (high risk) 41 (17.1)

    Correlations among Variables (N=240)

    Variables Compassion fatigue Somatization
    Secondary traumatic stress Burnout
    r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Burnout .60 (<.001)    
    Somatization .48 (<.001) .49 (<.001)  
    Silencing response .46 (<.001) .48 (<.001) .42 (<.001)

    Burnout in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)

    IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; BO=burnout; SR=silencing response;

    *p<.001.

    Somatization in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)

    IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; SR=silencing response;

    *p<.001.

    Table 1. Differences of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response according to General Characteristics (N=240)

    STS=secondary traumatic stress.

    Table 2. The Descriptive Statistics of Compassion Fatigue, Somatization, Silencing Response of Participants. (N=240)

    Table 3. Correlations among Variables (N=240)

    Table 4. Burnout in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)

    IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; BO=burnout; SR=silencing response;

    p<.001.

    Table 5. Somatization in Mediating Effects of the Relationship between STS and SR (N=240)

    IV=independent variable; DV=dependent variable; PV=parameter variable; STS=secondary traumatic stress; SR=silencing response;

    p<.001.

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