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Original Article

Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

Dong Choon Uhm1, Mi Jung Nam2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2014;26(2):171-180.
Published online: April 30, 2014

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Corresponding author: Nam, Mi Jung Department of Nursing, Daejeon Health Science College, 21 Chungjeong-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-711, Korea. Tel: +82-42-670-9377, Fax: +82-42-670-9571, E-mail: mjnam@hit.ac.kr
• Received: September 5, 2013   • Accepted: April 7, 2014

© 2014 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study was to investigate the effects of upper meridian massage on cerebral blood flow, emotions, and sleep of the institutionalized elderly.
  • Methods
    This study was a nonequivalent control group pre- and posttest design. The participants were 50 elderly (26 in the experimental group; 24 in the control group) living in the institutions. Data were collected between July 9 and September 1, 2011. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and x2-test, Repeated Measures ANOVA, and Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient. Each participant in the experimental group received the upper meridian massage for 10 minutes, 4 times per week for 2 weeks. Each participant's cerebral blood flow and self-reported questionnaires were tested before treatment, after 1 week and 2 weeks during treatment sessions.
  • Results
    There were significant differences in sleep and emotions after 1 week and 2 weeks during treatment sessions. But cerebral blood flow measured by common carotid artery pulsatility index (CCA PI) and common carotid artery resistance index (CCA RI) demonstrated significant differences in 2 week point in time.
  • Conclusion
    These results indicated that upper meridian massage could be an effective intervention for improving cerebral blood flow, emotions, and sleep of the institutionalized elderly.
  • Key Words: Aged; Massage; Sleep; Emotions; Blood flow
Table 1.
Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)
Variables Categories Total (n=50) Exp. (n=26) Cont. (n=24) x2 or t p
n (%), M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Gender Male 17 (34.0) 12 (46.2) 5 (20.8) 3.57 .059
Female 33 (66.0) 14 (53.8) 19 (79.2)
Age (year)   80.0±6.68 78.6±7.85 81.5±4.86 -1.52 .134
Spouse Yes 5 (10.0) 1 (3.8) 4 (16.7) 4.32 .076
No 43 (86.0) 25 (96.2) 18 (75.0)
No response 2 (4.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.3)
Religion Yes 21 (42.0) 11 (42.3) 10 (41.7) 4.12 .135
No 22 (44.0) 9 (34.6) 13 (54.2)
No response 7 (14.0) 6 (23.1) 1 (4.2)
Education Uneducated 7 (14.0) 3 (11.5) 4 (16.7) 0.37 .923
More than elementary 30 (60.0) 16 (61.5) 14 (58.3)
school 13 (26.0) 7 (26.9) 6 (25.0)
No response
MMSE-K   23.6±2.89 23.5±2.75 23.7±3.09 -0.20 .841
Disease Hypertension 37 (74.0) 19 (73.1) 18 (78.3) 0.18 .674
Arthritis 35 (70.0) 21 (80.8) 14 (60.9) 2.37 .124
Diabetes mellitus 16 (32.0) 9 (34.6) 7 (30.4) 0.10 .755
Other conditions 13 (26.0) 5 (19.2) 8 (34.8) 1.51 .218
Total 48 (96.0) 26 (100.0) 22 (91.7) 2.26 .133

Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

Table 2.
Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)
Variables Exp. (n=26) Cont. (n=24) t p
M±SD M±SD
Sleep Scale A 41.32±9.39 39.47±7.79 0.89 .379
POMS 54.00±21.04 58.40±22.18 -0.91 .369
CCA RI 0.90±0.13 0.86±0.15 1.24 .220
CCA PI 2.46±1.04 2.14±0.78 1.47 .148

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

Table 3.
Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50
Variables Groups Pre-test Intervention Posttest F (p) Source F (p)
M±SD M±SD M±SD
Sleep scale A Exp. 41.32±9.39 45.56±8.88 47.40±8.26 5.98 (.005†) Time 4.07 (.020)
Cont. 39.47±7.79 41.85±8.37 39.14±8.27 1.43 (.252) Group 4.60 (.037)
          G×T 3.16 (.047)
POMS Exp. 54.00±21.04 42.35±19.03 30.31±18.38 15.50 (＜.001‡) Time 7.85 (.001)
Cont. 58.40±22.18 52.95±25.95 61.00±22.21 3.10 (.057) Group 7.84 (.008)
          G×T 11.81 (＜.001)
CCA RI Exp. 0.90±0.13 0.86±0.13 0.84±0.14 3.38 (.042 §) Time 0.11 (.897)
Cont. 0.86±0.15 0.89±0.15 0.90±0.13 0.99 (.381) Group 0.24 (.624)
          G×T 3.71 (.028)
CCA PI Exp. 2.46±1.04 2.22±0.86 1.97±0.80 3.27 (.046||) Time 0.87 (.423)
Cont. 2.14±0.78 2.40±0.71 2.34±0.71 1.22 (.304) Group 0.18 (.672)
          G×T 3.69 (.029)

Exp.=experimental group, Cont.=control group; Intervention=posttest in 1week; Posttest=posttest in 2 weeks; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index, CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

†Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.022), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.008) No significant differences intervention and posttest (p=.299);

‡Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.011), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p＜.001) Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.004);

§No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.107), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.028) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.301);

║No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.209), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.022) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.196).

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      Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(1): 67.     CrossRef

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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.171
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    Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly
    Effects of Upper Meridian Massage on Cerebral Blood flow, Emotions, and Sleep of the Institutionalized Elderly

    Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

    Variables Categories Total (n=50) Exp. (n=26) Cont. (n=24) x2 or t p
    n (%), M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Gender Male 17 (34.0) 12 (46.2) 5 (20.8) 3.57 .059
    Female 33 (66.0) 14 (53.8) 19 (79.2)
    Age (year)   80.0±6.68 78.6±7.85 81.5±4.86 -1.52 .134
    Spouse Yes 5 (10.0) 1 (3.8) 4 (16.7) 4.32 .076
    No 43 (86.0) 25 (96.2) 18 (75.0)
    No response 2 (4.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.3)
    Religion Yes 21 (42.0) 11 (42.3) 10 (41.7) 4.12 .135
    No 22 (44.0) 9 (34.6) 13 (54.2)
    No response 7 (14.0) 6 (23.1) 1 (4.2)
    Education Uneducated 7 (14.0) 3 (11.5) 4 (16.7) 0.37 .923
    More than elementary 30 (60.0) 16 (61.5) 14 (58.3)
    school 13 (26.0) 7 (26.9) 6 (25.0)
    No response
    MMSE-K   23.6±2.89 23.5±2.75 23.7±3.09 -0.20 .841
    Disease Hypertension 37 (74.0) 19 (73.1) 18 (78.3) 0.18 .674
    Arthritis 35 (70.0) 21 (80.8) 14 (60.9) 2.37 .124
    Diabetes mellitus 16 (32.0) 9 (34.6) 7 (30.4) 0.10 .755
    Other conditions 13 (26.0) 5 (19.2) 8 (34.8) 1.51 .218
    Total 48 (96.0) 26 (100.0) 22 (91.7) 2.26 .133

    Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

    Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

    Variables Exp. (n=26) Cont. (n=24) t p
    M±SD M±SD
    Sleep Scale A 41.32±9.39 39.47±7.79 0.89 .379
    POMS 54.00±21.04 58.40±22.18 -0.91 .369
    CCA RI 0.90±0.13 0.86±0.15 1.24 .220
    CCA PI 2.46±1.04 2.14±0.78 1.47 .148

    Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

    Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50

    Variables Groups Pre-test Intervention Posttest F (p) Source F (p)
    M±SD M±SD M±SD
    Sleep scale A Exp. 41.32±9.39 45.56±8.88 47.40±8.26 5.98 (.005†) Time 4.07 (.020)
    Cont. 39.47±7.79 41.85±8.37 39.14±8.27 1.43 (.252) Group 4.60 (.037)
              G×T 3.16 (.047)
    POMS Exp. 54.00±21.04 42.35±19.03 30.31±18.38 15.50 (＜.001‡) Time 7.85 (.001)
    Cont. 58.40±22.18 52.95±25.95 61.00±22.21 3.10 (.057) Group 7.84 (.008)
              G×T 11.81 (＜.001)
    CCA RI Exp. 0.90±0.13 0.86±0.13 0.84±0.14 3.38 (.042 §) Time 0.11 (.897)
    Cont. 0.86±0.15 0.89±0.15 0.90±0.13 0.99 (.381) Group 0.24 (.624)
              G×T 3.71 (.028)
    CCA PI Exp. 2.46±1.04 2.22±0.86 1.97±0.80 3.27 (.046||) Time 0.87 (.423)
    Cont. 2.14±0.78 2.40±0.71 2.34±0.71 1.22 (.304) Group 0.18 (.672)
              G×T 3.69 (.029)

    Exp.=experimental group, Cont.=control group; Intervention=posttest in 1week; Posttest=posttest in 2 weeks; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index, CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

    †Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.022), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.008) No significant differences intervention and posttest (p=.299);

    ‡Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.011), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p＜.001) Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.004);

    §No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.107), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.028) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.301);

    ║No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.209), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.022) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.196).
    Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics and Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

    Exp.=Experimental group; Con.=Control group; MMSE-K=Mini Mental State Examination-Korea

    Table 2. Homogeneity Test for Outcome Variables between Two Groups (N=50)

    Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index; CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

    Table 3. Repeated Measures ANOVA in Dependent Variables (N=50

    Exp.=experimental group, Cont.=control group; Intervention=posttest in 1week; Posttest=posttest in 2 weeks; POMS=profile of mood states; CCA RI=common carotid artery resistance index, CCA PI=common carotid artery pulsatility index.

    Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.022), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.008) No significant differences intervention and posttest (p=.299);

    Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.011), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p＜.001) Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.004);

    No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.107), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.028) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.301);

    No Significant differences between the pre-test and intervention (p=.209), Significant differences between the pre-test and posttest (p=.022) No Significant differences between the intervention and posttest (p=.196).

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

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