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Original Research

Physical symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals

Seon Yeong Chae1, Kye Ha Kim2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2013;25(3):298-311.
Published online: June 18, 2013

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Corresponding author: Kim, Kye-Ha Department of Nursing, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Korea. Tel: +82-62-230-6326, Fax: +82-62-230-6329, E-mail: kyeha@chosun.ac.kr
• Received: December 20, 2012   • Accepted: June 22, 2013

© 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to compare reported physical symptoms, hope and family support of cancer patients between general hospitals and long-term care hospitals.
  • Methods
    Subjects were 175 patients diagnosed with cancers from two general hospitals and six long-term care hospitals located in G city. Subjects completed a questionnaire with questions about general characteristics and questions about the disease, physical symptoms, hope and family support. Data was collected from February to April and the data were analyzed using an independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.
  • Results
    The subjects in long-term care hospitals showed higher percentage in pain, nausea, fatigue, sleep disorder, and change in appearance. There was a significant difference in family support between two groups. A significant positive correlation was found between hope and family support in subjects in general and long-term care hospitals.
  • Conclusion
    Significant differences were found in some physical symptoms and family support between cancer patients in general hospitals and long-term care hospitals. Thus, nurses in long-term care hospitals need provide care suitable for the characteristics of cancer patients in long-term care hospitals.
  • Key Words: Neoplasms; Symptoms; Family
Table 1.
General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)
Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Age (year) ＜60 44 (46.3) 54 (67.5) 7.91 .005
≥60 51 (53.7) 26 (32.5)
Gender Male 58 (61.1) 25 (31.3) 15.47 ＜.001
Female 37 (38.9) 55 (68.8)
Educational level Less than high school 77 (81.1) 55 (68.8) 3.55 .078
College or graduate degree 18 (18.9) 25 (18.9)
Marital status Married 85 (89.5) 63 (78.8) 3.83 .050
Single/divorced 10 (10.5) 17 (21.3)
Religion Yes 37 (38.9) 57 (71.3) 18.23 ＜.001
No 58 (61.1) 23 (28.8)
Employment status Employed 40 (42.1) 34 (42.5) 0.00 .958
Unemployed 55 (57.9) 46 (57.5)
Economic burden Low 9 (9.5) 7 (8.8) 1.28 .528
Average 71 (74.7) 55 (68.8)
High 15 (15.8) 18 (22.5)
Health insurance Health insurance 87 (91.6) 72 (90.0) 0.13 .718
Medical care assistance 8 (8.4) 8 (10.0)
Living arrangement Live with spouse 78 (82.1) 51 (63.8) 7.56 .023
Live alone 8 (8.4) 14 (17.5)
Live with others 9 (9.5) 15 (18.8)
Caregiver Spouse 52 (54.7) 37 (46.3) 2.05 .358
Children 18 (18.9) 14 (17.5)
Others 25 (26.3) 29 (36.3)
Region of cancer Upper digestive system 42 (44.2) 19 (23.8) 30.71 ＜.001
Lower digestive system 24 (25.3) 14 (17.5)
Breast 7 (7.4) 31 (38.8)
Respiratory system 5 (5.3) 9 (11.3)
Others 17 (17.9) 7 (8.8)
Stage of cancer 1~2 44 (46.3) 37 (46.3) 0.01 .557
3~4 51 (53.7) 43 (53.7)
Cancer duration in years ＜1 66 (69.5) 52 (65.0) 0.40 .320
≥1 29 (30.5) 28 (35.0)
Hospital say (months) ＜1 92 (96.8) 40 (50.0) 52.99 ＜.001
≥1~＜3 3 (3.2) 12 (15.0)
≥3 0 (0.0) 28 (35.0)
Treatment Surgery 39 (26.3) 7 (8.8) 29.41 ＜.001
Chemotherapy 38 (40.0) 34 (42.5)
Radiotherapy 6 (6.3) 16 (20.0)
Combined therapy 12 (12.6) 23 (28.8)
Metastasis Yes 49 (51.6) 35 (43.8) 1.07 .302
No 46 (48.4) 45 (56.2)
Recurrence Yes 9 (9.5) 13 (16.3) 1.81 .178
No 86 (90.5) 67 (83.7)
Pain intensity   3.84±2.62 3.54±2.44 -0.79 .431
Pain Management Index Appropriate 59 (62.1) 18 (22.5) 27.65 ＜.001
Inappropriate 36 (37.9) 62 (77.5)
Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 77 (81.1) 44 (55.0) 13.82 ＜.001
Dissatisfied 18 (18.9) 36 (45.0)
Table 2.
Physical Symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals (N=175)
Variables Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Physical symptoms
  Pain Yes 69 (72.6) 68 (85.0) 3.91 .048
  Mood disorder Yes 63 (66.3) 48 (60.0) 0.75 .387
  Anorexia Yes 57 (60.0) 45 (56.3) 0.25 .616
  Nausea Yes 40 (42.1) 46 (57.5) 4.12 .042
  Dizziness Yes 40 (42.1) 43 (53.8) 2.36 .124
  Diarrhea/Constipation Yes 38 (40.0) 35 (43.8) 0.25 .616
  Fatigue Yes 33 (34.7) 56 (70.0) 21.61 ＜.001
  Activity difficulty Yes 28 (29.5) 21 (26.3) 0.22 .636
  Digestive problem Yes 25 (26.3) 15 (18.8) 1.41 .235
  Fever/Chill Yes 24 (25.3) 10 (12.5) 4.52 .034
  Instability Yes 21 (22.1) 22 (27.5) 0.68 .409
  Vomiting Yes 18 (18.9) 18 (22.5) 0.34 .562
  Dyspnea Yes 18 (18.9) 11 (13.8) 0.85 .357
  Aprosexia Yes 17 (17.9) 19 (23.8) 0.91 .340
  Sleep disorder Yes 14 (14.7) 34 (42.5) 16.82 ＜.001
  Change of appearance Yes 13 (13.7) 29 (36.3) 12.12 ＜.001
  Cough Yes 13 (13.7) 10 (12.5) 0.05 .817
  Urination disorder Yes 12 (12.6) 7 (8.8) 0.68 .411
  Others Yes 13 (13.7) 15 (18.8) 0.83 .362
Hope   171.65±25.45 169.83±32.44 -0.41 .683
Family support   47.50±5.58 44.25±8.62 -2.91 .004
Table 3.
Hope by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)
Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80)
M±SD t or F p Scheffé M±SD t or F p Scheffé
Age (year) ＜60 180.77±24.46 3.42 .001 176.30±29.42 2.67 .009
≥60 163.78±23.81 156.38±34.82
Gender Male 168.26±27.08 -1.72 .089 153.04±30.96 -3.31 .001
Female 177.97±21.97 177.45±30.40
Educational level Less than high school 170.30±25.83 -1.07 .001 166.13±31.05 -1.53 .131
College or graduate degree 177.44±23.57 177.96±34.56
Marital status Married 172.54±25.22 0.99 .324 172.21±31.67 1.27 .208
Single/Divorced 164.10±27.55 161.00±34.71
Religion Yes 182.35±22.17 3.46 .001 174.47±30.47 2.06 .043
No 164.83±25.22 158.30±34.96
Employment status Employed 173.53±28.59 0.61 .544 165.38±32.93 -1.05 .295
Unemployed 170.29±23.08 173.11±32.04
Health insurance Health insurance 171.38±25.79 -0.34 .732 171.43±32.31 1.34 .186
Medical care assistance 174.63±22.78 155.38±31.97
Stage of cancer 1~2 183.43±23.67 4.62 ＜.001 179.49±24.29 2.63 .010
3~4 161.49±22.55 161.51±36.34
Cancer duration in years ＜1 176.29±25.22 2.77 .007 174.90±29.00 1.81 .077
≥1 161.10±23.07 160.39±36.79
Treatment Surgery 184.08±22.37a 9.23 ＜.001 170.57±31.67a 7.45 ＜.001
Chemotherapy 167.00±21.53b a＞b, d 173.18±27.68b b, c＞d
Radiotherapy 169.83±31.77c 192.63±22.47c
Combined therapy 146.92±22.31d 148.78±33.97d
Metastasis Yes 161.84±23.34 -4.21 ＜.001 161.80±38.18 -1.90 .063
No 182.11±23.57 176.07±25.93
Recurrence Yes 161.56±22.72 -1.26 .213 161.46±43.02 -0.80 .437
No 172.71±25.61 171.45±30.11
Pain Management Index Appropriate 167.57±25.73 -0.44 .662 169.41±32.00 -0.44 .965
Inappropriate 171.98±25.55 169.74±33.59
Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 171.96±25.73 0.24 .809 179.32±26.17 2.95 .004
Dissatisfied 170.33±24.90 158.22±35.81
Table 4.
Family Support by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)
Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80)
M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p
Age (year) ＜60 48.45±4.99 1.55 .124 45.06±8.68 1.21 .230
≥60 46.69±5.97 42.58±8.39
Gender Male 47.16±5.90 -0.76 .447 40.28±9.82 -2.90 .005
Female 48.05±5.08 46.05±7.43
Educational level Less than high school 47.22±5.54 -1.03 .307 44.05±7.83 -0.30 .766
College or graduate degree 48.72±5.74 44.68±10.31
Marital status Married 47.99±5.36 2.53 .013 45.27±7.13 1.54 .139
Single/divorced 43.40±6.00 40.47±12.27
Religion Yes 49.00±4.74 2.12 .036 45.16±7.92 1.50 .139
No 46.55±5.90 42.00±9.97
Employment status Employed 47.70±5.54 0.29 .774 42.65±9.62 -1.44 .154
Unemployed 47.36±5.65 45.43±7.68
Health insurance Health insurance 47.72±5.44 1.27 .209 44.40±8.84 0.47 .637
Medical care assistance 45.13±6.90 42.88±6.53
Stage of cancer 1~2 48.25±5.23 1.21 .229 45.97±6.89 1.68 .097
3~4 46.86±5.84 42.77±9.70
Cancer duration in years ＜1 47.48±5.82 -0.05 .957 45.21±8.89 1.37 .175
≥1 47.55±5.10 42.46±7.92
Treatment Surgery 49.02±4.70 2.59 .058 42.43±8.79 4.12 .009
Chemotherapy 46.84±5.87 45.65±8.78
Radiotherapy 48.17±8.08 48.44±6.19
Combined therapy 44.33±4.81 39.83±8.16
Metastasis Yes 46.73±5.77 -1.40 .166 44.34±8.29 0.08 .933
No 48.33±5.32 44.18±8.96
Recurrence Yes 47.78±6.74 0.15 .879 43.92±7.65 -0.15 .882
No 47.48±5.49 44.31±8.84
Pain Management Index Appropriate 46.86±7.84 -0.32 .751 46.54±6.84 0.31 .755
Inappropriate 47.56±5.42 43.92±10.38
Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 47.53±5.89 0.10 .922 45.89±7.81 1.91 .060
Dissatisfied 47.39±4.16 42.25±9.23
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    Physical symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(3):298-311.   Published online June 30, 2013
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.3.298
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    Physical symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(3):298-311.   Published online June 30, 2013
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.3.298
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    Physical symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals
    Physical symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals

    General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Age (year) ＜60 44 (46.3) 54 (67.5) 7.91 .005
    ≥60 51 (53.7) 26 (32.5)
    Gender Male 58 (61.1) 25 (31.3) 15.47 ＜.001
    Female 37 (38.9) 55 (68.8)
    Educational level Less than high school 77 (81.1) 55 (68.8) 3.55 .078
    College or graduate degree 18 (18.9) 25 (18.9)
    Marital status Married 85 (89.5) 63 (78.8) 3.83 .050
    Single/divorced 10 (10.5) 17 (21.3)
    Religion Yes 37 (38.9) 57 (71.3) 18.23 ＜.001
    No 58 (61.1) 23 (28.8)
    Employment status Employed 40 (42.1) 34 (42.5) 0.00 .958
    Unemployed 55 (57.9) 46 (57.5)
    Economic burden Low 9 (9.5) 7 (8.8) 1.28 .528
    Average 71 (74.7) 55 (68.8)
    High 15 (15.8) 18 (22.5)
    Health insurance Health insurance 87 (91.6) 72 (90.0) 0.13 .718
    Medical care assistance 8 (8.4) 8 (10.0)
    Living arrangement Live with spouse 78 (82.1) 51 (63.8) 7.56 .023
    Live alone 8 (8.4) 14 (17.5)
    Live with others 9 (9.5) 15 (18.8)
    Caregiver Spouse 52 (54.7) 37 (46.3) 2.05 .358
    Children 18 (18.9) 14 (17.5)
    Others 25 (26.3) 29 (36.3)
    Region of cancer Upper digestive system 42 (44.2) 19 (23.8) 30.71 ＜.001
    Lower digestive system 24 (25.3) 14 (17.5)
    Breast 7 (7.4) 31 (38.8)
    Respiratory system 5 (5.3) 9 (11.3)
    Others 17 (17.9) 7 (8.8)
    Stage of cancer 1~2 44 (46.3) 37 (46.3) 0.01 .557
    3~4 51 (53.7) 43 (53.7)
    Cancer duration in years ＜1 66 (69.5) 52 (65.0) 0.40 .320
    ≥1 29 (30.5) 28 (35.0)
    Hospital say (months) ＜1 92 (96.8) 40 (50.0) 52.99 ＜.001
    ≥1~＜3 3 (3.2) 12 (15.0)
    ≥3 0 (0.0) 28 (35.0)
    Treatment Surgery 39 (26.3) 7 (8.8) 29.41 ＜.001
    Chemotherapy 38 (40.0) 34 (42.5)
    Radiotherapy 6 (6.3) 16 (20.0)
    Combined therapy 12 (12.6) 23 (28.8)
    Metastasis Yes 49 (51.6) 35 (43.8) 1.07 .302
    No 46 (48.4) 45 (56.2)
    Recurrence Yes 9 (9.5) 13 (16.3) 1.81 .178
    No 86 (90.5) 67 (83.7)
    Pain intensity   3.84±2.62 3.54±2.44 -0.79 .431
    Pain Management Index Appropriate 59 (62.1) 18 (22.5) 27.65 ＜.001
    Inappropriate 36 (37.9) 62 (77.5)
    Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 77 (81.1) 44 (55.0) 13.82 ＜.001
    Dissatisfied 18 (18.9) 36 (45.0)

    Physical Symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals (N=175)

    Variables Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80) x2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Physical symptoms
      Pain Yes 69 (72.6) 68 (85.0) 3.91 .048
      Mood disorder Yes 63 (66.3) 48 (60.0) 0.75 .387
      Anorexia Yes 57 (60.0) 45 (56.3) 0.25 .616
      Nausea Yes 40 (42.1) 46 (57.5) 4.12 .042
      Dizziness Yes 40 (42.1) 43 (53.8) 2.36 .124
      Diarrhea/Constipation Yes 38 (40.0) 35 (43.8) 0.25 .616
      Fatigue Yes 33 (34.7) 56 (70.0) 21.61 ＜.001
      Activity difficulty Yes 28 (29.5) 21 (26.3) 0.22 .636
      Digestive problem Yes 25 (26.3) 15 (18.8) 1.41 .235
      Fever/Chill Yes 24 (25.3) 10 (12.5) 4.52 .034
      Instability Yes 21 (22.1) 22 (27.5) 0.68 .409
      Vomiting Yes 18 (18.9) 18 (22.5) 0.34 .562
      Dyspnea Yes 18 (18.9) 11 (13.8) 0.85 .357
      Aprosexia Yes 17 (17.9) 19 (23.8) 0.91 .340
      Sleep disorder Yes 14 (14.7) 34 (42.5) 16.82 ＜.001
      Change of appearance Yes 13 (13.7) 29 (36.3) 12.12 ＜.001
      Cough Yes 13 (13.7) 10 (12.5) 0.05 .817
      Urination disorder Yes 12 (12.6) 7 (8.8) 0.68 .411
      Others Yes 13 (13.7) 15 (18.8) 0.83 .362
    Hope   171.65±25.45 169.83±32.44 -0.41 .683
    Family support   47.50±5.58 44.25±8.62 -2.91 .004

    Hope by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80)
    M±SD t or F p Scheffé M±SD t or F p Scheffé
    Age (year) ＜60 180.77±24.46 3.42 .001 176.30±29.42 2.67 .009
    ≥60 163.78±23.81 156.38±34.82
    Gender Male 168.26±27.08 -1.72 .089 153.04±30.96 -3.31 .001
    Female 177.97±21.97 177.45±30.40
    Educational level Less than high school 170.30±25.83 -1.07 .001 166.13±31.05 -1.53 .131
    College or graduate degree 177.44±23.57 177.96±34.56
    Marital status Married 172.54±25.22 0.99 .324 172.21±31.67 1.27 .208
    Single/Divorced 164.10±27.55 161.00±34.71
    Religion Yes 182.35±22.17 3.46 .001 174.47±30.47 2.06 .043
    No 164.83±25.22 158.30±34.96
    Employment status Employed 173.53±28.59 0.61 .544 165.38±32.93 -1.05 .295
    Unemployed 170.29±23.08 173.11±32.04
    Health insurance Health insurance 171.38±25.79 -0.34 .732 171.43±32.31 1.34 .186
    Medical care assistance 174.63±22.78 155.38±31.97
    Stage of cancer 1~2 183.43±23.67 4.62 ＜.001 179.49±24.29 2.63 .010
    3~4 161.49±22.55 161.51±36.34
    Cancer duration in years ＜1 176.29±25.22 2.77 .007 174.90±29.00 1.81 .077
    ≥1 161.10±23.07 160.39±36.79
    Treatment Surgery 184.08±22.37a 9.23 ＜.001 170.57±31.67a 7.45 ＜.001
    Chemotherapy 167.00±21.53b a＞b, d 173.18±27.68b b, c＞d
    Radiotherapy 169.83±31.77c 192.63±22.47c
    Combined therapy 146.92±22.31d 148.78±33.97d
    Metastasis Yes 161.84±23.34 -4.21 ＜.001 161.80±38.18 -1.90 .063
    No 182.11±23.57 176.07±25.93
    Recurrence Yes 161.56±22.72 -1.26 .213 161.46±43.02 -0.80 .437
    No 172.71±25.61 171.45±30.11
    Pain Management Index Appropriate 167.57±25.73 -0.44 .662 169.41±32.00 -0.44 .965
    Inappropriate 171.98±25.55 169.74±33.59
    Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 171.96±25.73 0.24 .809 179.32±26.17 2.95 .004
    Dissatisfied 170.33±24.90 158.22±35.81

    Family Support by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Characteristics Categories General hospital (n=95) Long-term care hospital (n=80)
    M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p
    Age (year) ＜60 48.45±4.99 1.55 .124 45.06±8.68 1.21 .230
    ≥60 46.69±5.97 42.58±8.39
    Gender Male 47.16±5.90 -0.76 .447 40.28±9.82 -2.90 .005
    Female 48.05±5.08 46.05±7.43
    Educational level Less than high school 47.22±5.54 -1.03 .307 44.05±7.83 -0.30 .766
    College or graduate degree 48.72±5.74 44.68±10.31
    Marital status Married 47.99±5.36 2.53 .013 45.27±7.13 1.54 .139
    Single/divorced 43.40±6.00 40.47±12.27
    Religion Yes 49.00±4.74 2.12 .036 45.16±7.92 1.50 .139
    No 46.55±5.90 42.00±9.97
    Employment status Employed 47.70±5.54 0.29 .774 42.65±9.62 -1.44 .154
    Unemployed 47.36±5.65 45.43±7.68
    Health insurance Health insurance 47.72±5.44 1.27 .209 44.40±8.84 0.47 .637
    Medical care assistance 45.13±6.90 42.88±6.53
    Stage of cancer 1~2 48.25±5.23 1.21 .229 45.97±6.89 1.68 .097
    3~4 46.86±5.84 42.77±9.70
    Cancer duration in years ＜1 47.48±5.82 -0.05 .957 45.21±8.89 1.37 .175
    ≥1 47.55±5.10 42.46±7.92
    Treatment Surgery 49.02±4.70 2.59 .058 42.43±8.79 4.12 .009
    Chemotherapy 46.84±5.87 45.65±8.78
    Radiotherapy 48.17±8.08 48.44±6.19
    Combined therapy 44.33±4.81 39.83±8.16
    Metastasis Yes 46.73±5.77 -1.40 .166 44.34±8.29 0.08 .933
    No 48.33±5.32 44.18±8.96
    Recurrence Yes 47.78±6.74 0.15 .879 43.92±7.65 -0.15 .882
    No 47.48±5.49 44.31±8.84
    Pain Management Index Appropriate 46.86±7.84 -0.32 .751 46.54±6.84 0.31 .755
    Inappropriate 47.56±5.42 43.92±10.38
    Satisfaction with nursing care Satisfied 47.53±5.89 0.10 .922 45.89±7.81 1.91 .060
    Dissatisfied 47.39±4.16 42.25±9.23
    Table 1. General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Table 2. Physical Symptoms, Hope and Family Support of Cancer Patients in the General Hospitals and Long-term Care Hospitals (N=175)

    Table 3. Hope by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Table 4. Family Support by General Characteristics and Disease related Characteristics (N=175)

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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