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Original Article

Attitude toward One's Own Aging among Korean Middle-aged Adults and the Elderly

Ahra Jo, MSN, APN1, Heeyoung Oh, Ph.D., RN2
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2017;29(1):41-50.
Published online: February 28, 2017

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Corresponding author: Oh, Heeyoung College of Nursing, Eulji University, 771-77 Gyeryong-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Korea. Tel: +82-42-259-1713, Fax: +82-42-259-1709, E-mail: hoh123@eulji.ac.kr
• Received: November 10, 2016   • Accepted: February 19, 2017

Copyright © 2017 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the factors influencing attitude toward one's own aging among Korean middle-aged adults and the elderly.
  • Methods
    A cross sectional study was performed with a total sample of 70 middle-aged adults and 64 elderly reside in two metropolitan areas. Data were collected from August 2015 to November 2015 using the Perceived Health Status Scale, the Health Locus of Control Scale and the Attitude Toward own Aging (ATOA) Scale. The statistics used include percentage, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.
  • Results
    Mean age for each age group were about 52 and 76 years old for middle-aged adults and the elderly respectively. A considerable proportion of all participants reported a negative attitude toward aging. Perceived health status was the common factor influencing attitude toward one's own aging in both age groups. Middle-aged adults identified presence of chronic illness and internal health locus of control as important factors. In contrast, the elderly reported that education and others-dependent health locus of control such as powerful others had a significant impact on ATOA. Each regression model explained 31% and 55% of the total variance of ATOA among middle-aged adults and among the elderly.
  • Conclusion
    Both middle-aged adults and the elderly with low perceived health status are at risk of negative ATOA's. The type health locus of control need to be identified and utilized based on individuals’ tendency to improve positive ATOA. That is, middle-aged adults might need reinforcement of their self-will whereas the elderly might need enhancement of social support and network of family and healthcare providers.
  • Key Words: Aged; Aging; Internal-external control; Health status
Table 1.
Attitude toward One's Own Aging by Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=134)
Characteristics Categories Attitude toward one's own aging
Middle-aged (40~64, n=70) The elderly (≥65, n=64)
n (%) M±SD t (p) n (%) M±SD t (p)
Gender Male 14 (20.0) 15.64±2.76 -0.28 (.784) 20 (31.3) 12.70±3.01 -1.75 (.085)
Female 56 (80.0) 15.89±3.10   44 (68.7) 14.27±3.47  
Having spouse Yes 58 (82.9) 15.98±2.98 0.85 (.397) 35 (54.7) 13.66±2.90 -0.32 (.750)
No 12 (17.1) 15.17±3.22   29 (45.3) 13.93±3.95  
Area of residence Urban 65 (92.9) 16.05±2.92 -1.66 (.102) 48 (75.0) 14.19±3.34 -1.66 (.097)
Rural 5 (7.1) 13.20±3.27   16 (25.0) 12.56±3.35  
Level of education ≤Junior high school 16 (22.9) 14.81±2.48 -1.57 (.120) 47 (73.4) 14.49±3.18 2.95 (.005)
≥High school 54 (77.1) 16.15±3.11   17 (26.6) 11.82±3.26  
Employment Employed 62 (88.6) 15.83±2.85 -0.36 (.723) 14 (21.9) 14.71±2.87 -0.29 (.769)
Not employed 8 (11.4) 15.75±4.33   50 (78.1) 14.08±3.46  
Religion Yes 44 (62.9) 15.43±3.04 -1.50 (.139) 44 (68.8) 13.52±3.06 -0.90 (.369)
No 26 (37.1) 16.54±2.90   20 (31.2) 14.35±4.04  
Living arrangement With others 64 (91.4) 15.92±3.02 -0.51 (.630) 42 (65.6) 14.15±3.51 -1.04 (.297)
Alone 6 (8.6) 15.00±3.10   22 (34.4) 14.36±3.05  
Chronic illness Yes 20 (28.6) 14.40±2.39 2.64 (.010) 49 (76.6) 13.67±3.55 0.46 (.649)
No 50 (71.4) 16.42±3.07   15 (23.4) 14.13±2.88  
Table 2.
Attitude toward One's Own Aging for the Middle-aged and the Elderly (N=134)
Variables Categories Attitude toward one's own aging t (p)
Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree M±SD
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)  
Do things keep getting worse as you get older?* Middle-aged 3 (4.3) 22 (31.4) 11 (15.7) 34 (48.6) 0 (0.0) 2.91±0.99  
The elderly 2 (3.1) 12 (18.8) 11 (17.2) 31 (48.4) 8 (12.5) 2.55±1.05
Do you have as much pep as you had last year? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 36 (51.4) 16 (22.9) 16 (22.9) 1 (1.4) 2.71±0.89
The elderly 5 (7.8) 34 (53.1) 11 (17.2) 12 (18.8) 2 (3.1) 2.56±0.99
Do you feel that as you get older you are less useful?* Middle-aged 9 (12.9) 37 (52.9) 14 (20.0) 9 (12.8) 1 (1.4) 3.63±0.92
The elderly 1 (1.5) 29 (45.3) 9 (14.1) 16 (25.0) 9 (14.1) 2.95±1.16
As you get older, are things better than you thought they would be? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 26 (37.1) 17 (24.3) 23 (32.9) 3 (4.3) 3.01±0.97
The elderly 1 (1.6) 34 (53.1) 13 (20.3) 11 (17.2) 5 (7.8) 2.77±1.02
Are you as happy now as you were when you were younger? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 8 (11.4) 13 (18.6) 46 (65.7) 2 (2.9) 3.57±0.79
The elderly 5 (7.8) 24 (37.5) 13 (20.3) 13 (20.3) 9 (14.1) 2.95±1.21
Total Middle-aged           15.84±3.02 -3.71
The elderly           13.78±3.39 (＜.001)

*Inverse coding was performed for negative statements.

Table 3.
Relationships among Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control and Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)
Variables Categories Attitude toward one's own aging Perceived health status Health locus of control
Internal Ohers-dependent By chance
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Middle-aged (40~64 years old) (n=70) Attitude toward 1        
one's own aging  
Perceived .42 (＜.001) 1  
health status  
Internal HLC .33 (.002) .22 (.037) 1  
Others-dependent .27 (.011) .13 (.150) .13 (.151) 1  
HLC  
By chance HLC -.03 (.415) -.01 (.470) -.19 (.063) .37 (.001) 1
The elderly (≥65 years old) (n=64) Attitude toward 1  
one's own aging  
Perceived .66 (＜.001) 1  
health status  
Internal HLC .03 (.421) .31 (.007) 1  
Others-dependent -.18 (.078) .13 (.148) .33 (.003) 1  
HLC  
By chance HLC -.09 (.248) .06 (.315) .41 (＜.05) .49 (＜.001) 1

HLC=health locus of control.

Table 4.
Impact of Sociodemographic Characteristics, Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control on Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)
Categories Attitude toward one's own aging
Middle-aged (40~64 years old, n=70) The elderly (≥65 years old, n=64)
B SE β p B SE β p
Education 0.17 .80 -.02 .834 -1.35 .71 .20 .038
Chronic illness -1.23 .77 .19 .113 0.92 .73 -.12 .211
Perceived health status 0.41 .17 .28 .015 0.94 .13 .69 ＜.001
Internal HLC 0.17 .08 .23 .038 -0.07 .07 -.09 .343
Others-dependent HLC 0.16 .08 .21 .056 -0.18 .07 -.24 .013
F (p)   5.83 (＜.001)     14.39 (＜.001)  
R2   .31     .55  
Adjusted R2   .26     .52  
Durbin-Watson   2.29     2.37  

HLC=health locus of control.

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    Attitude toward One's Own Aging among Korean Middle-aged Adults and the Elderly
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2017;29(1):41-50.   Published online February 28, 2017
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2017.29.1.41
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    Attitude toward One's Own Aging among Korean Middle-aged Adults and the Elderly
    Korean J Adult Nurs. 2017;29(1):41-50.   Published online February 28, 2017
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2017.29.1.41
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    Attitude toward One's Own Aging among Korean Middle-aged Adults and the Elderly
    Attitude toward One's Own Aging among Korean Middle-aged Adults and the Elderly

    Attitude toward One's Own Aging by Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=134)

    Characteristics Categories Attitude toward one's own aging
    Middle-aged (40~64, n=70) The elderly (≥65, n=64)
    n (%) M±SD t (p) n (%) M±SD t (p)
    Gender Male 14 (20.0) 15.64±2.76 -0.28 (.784) 20 (31.3) 12.70±3.01 -1.75 (.085)
    Female 56 (80.0) 15.89±3.10   44 (68.7) 14.27±3.47  
    Having spouse Yes 58 (82.9) 15.98±2.98 0.85 (.397) 35 (54.7) 13.66±2.90 -0.32 (.750)
    No 12 (17.1) 15.17±3.22   29 (45.3) 13.93±3.95  
    Area of residence Urban 65 (92.9) 16.05±2.92 -1.66 (.102) 48 (75.0) 14.19±3.34 -1.66 (.097)
    Rural 5 (7.1) 13.20±3.27   16 (25.0) 12.56±3.35  
    Level of education ≤Junior high school 16 (22.9) 14.81±2.48 -1.57 (.120) 47 (73.4) 14.49±3.18 2.95 (.005)
    ≥High school 54 (77.1) 16.15±3.11   17 (26.6) 11.82±3.26  
    Employment Employed 62 (88.6) 15.83±2.85 -0.36 (.723) 14 (21.9) 14.71±2.87 -0.29 (.769)
    Not employed 8 (11.4) 15.75±4.33   50 (78.1) 14.08±3.46  
    Religion Yes 44 (62.9) 15.43±3.04 -1.50 (.139) 44 (68.8) 13.52±3.06 -0.90 (.369)
    No 26 (37.1) 16.54±2.90   20 (31.2) 14.35±4.04  
    Living arrangement With others 64 (91.4) 15.92±3.02 -0.51 (.630) 42 (65.6) 14.15±3.51 -1.04 (.297)
    Alone 6 (8.6) 15.00±3.10   22 (34.4) 14.36±3.05  
    Chronic illness Yes 20 (28.6) 14.40±2.39 2.64 (.010) 49 (76.6) 13.67±3.55 0.46 (.649)
    No 50 (71.4) 16.42±3.07   15 (23.4) 14.13±2.88  

    Attitude toward One's Own Aging for the Middle-aged and the Elderly (N=134)

    Variables Categories Attitude toward one's own aging t (p)
    Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree M±SD
    n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)  
    Do things keep getting worse as you get older?* Middle-aged 3 (4.3) 22 (31.4) 11 (15.7) 34 (48.6) 0 (0.0) 2.91±0.99  
    The elderly 2 (3.1) 12 (18.8) 11 (17.2) 31 (48.4) 8 (12.5) 2.55±1.05
    Do you have as much pep as you had last year? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 36 (51.4) 16 (22.9) 16 (22.9) 1 (1.4) 2.71±0.89
    The elderly 5 (7.8) 34 (53.1) 11 (17.2) 12 (18.8) 2 (3.1) 2.56±0.99
    Do you feel that as you get older you are less useful?* Middle-aged 9 (12.9) 37 (52.9) 14 (20.0) 9 (12.8) 1 (1.4) 3.63±0.92
    The elderly 1 (1.5) 29 (45.3) 9 (14.1) 16 (25.0) 9 (14.1) 2.95±1.16
    As you get older, are things better than you thought they would be? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 26 (37.1) 17 (24.3) 23 (32.9) 3 (4.3) 3.01±0.97
    The elderly 1 (1.6) 34 (53.1) 13 (20.3) 11 (17.2) 5 (7.8) 2.77±1.02
    Are you as happy now as you were when you were younger? Middle-aged 1 (1.4) 8 (11.4) 13 (18.6) 46 (65.7) 2 (2.9) 3.57±0.79
    The elderly 5 (7.8) 24 (37.5) 13 (20.3) 13 (20.3) 9 (14.1) 2.95±1.21
    Total Middle-aged           15.84±3.02 -3.71
    The elderly           13.78±3.39 (＜.001)

    *Inverse coding was performed for negative statements.

    Relationships among Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control and Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)

    Variables Categories Attitude toward one's own aging Perceived health status Health locus of control
    Internal Ohers-dependent By chance
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Middle-aged (40~64 years old) (n=70) Attitude toward 1        
    one's own aging  
    Perceived .42 (＜.001) 1  
    health status  
    Internal HLC .33 (.002) .22 (.037) 1  
    Others-dependent .27 (.011) .13 (.150) .13 (.151) 1  
    HLC  
    By chance HLC -.03 (.415) -.01 (.470) -.19 (.063) .37 (.001) 1
    The elderly (≥65 years old) (n=64) Attitude toward 1  
    one's own aging  
    Perceived .66 (＜.001) 1  
    health status  
    Internal HLC .03 (.421) .31 (.007) 1  
    Others-dependent -.18 (.078) .13 (.148) .33 (.003) 1  
    HLC  
    By chance HLC -.09 (.248) .06 (.315) .41 (＜.05) .49 (＜.001) 1

    HLC=health locus of control.

    Impact of Sociodemographic Characteristics, Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control on Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)

    Categories Attitude toward one's own aging
    Middle-aged (40~64 years old, n=70) The elderly (≥65 years old, n=64)
    B SE β p B SE β p
    Education 0.17 .80 -.02 .834 -1.35 .71 .20 .038
    Chronic illness -1.23 .77 .19 .113 0.92 .73 -.12 .211
    Perceived health status 0.41 .17 .28 .015 0.94 .13 .69 ＜.001
    Internal HLC 0.17 .08 .23 .038 -0.07 .07 -.09 .343
    Others-dependent HLC 0.16 .08 .21 .056 -0.18 .07 -.24 .013
    F (p)   5.83 (＜.001)     14.39 (＜.001)  
    R2   .31     .55  
    Adjusted R2   .26     .52  
    Durbin-Watson   2.29     2.37  

    HLC=health locus of control.
    Table 1. Attitude toward One's Own Aging by Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=134)

    Table 2. Attitude toward One's Own Aging for the Middle-aged and the Elderly (N=134)

    *Inverse coding was performed for negative statements.

    Table 3. Relationships among Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control and Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)

    HLC=health locus of control.

    Table 4. Impact of Sociodemographic Characteristics, Perceived Health Status, Health Locus of Control on Attitude towards One's Own Aging (N=134)

    HLC=health locus of control.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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